Prevelence of Inguinal Hernia in Men Caused by Mosquito

Prevelence of Inguinal Hernia in Men Caused by MosquitoPREVELENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA IN men CAUSED BY MOSQUITO VECTOR IN TANGA COAST LAND CASE STUDY MUHEZASTUDENT NAME BARABARA JOHNContents (Jump to)INTRODUCTIONBackground informationlit Re prognosisProblem StatementObjectivesSpecific ObjectivesGeneral Objectivesreticuloendothelial systemearch questionnaireSignifi back endce of the StudyStudy Area and SiteSampling and Sampling Techniques information solicitationData AnalysisConclusionReferencesINTRODUCTIONHernia is defined as the protrusion, swelling or exit of an organ the body w all(prenominal) that normally contains it. The inguinal herniationtiontiontion pass on when the protrusion occur through the inguinal render (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016).This problem well-nigh of the time face men because of the inherent helplessness of the abdominal wall in the bea spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal (National Center for health Statistics,1960)Hernia usually involve d ickens things,First is imperfection itself, k instantaneouslyn as the size and the location of the imperfection, a nonher thing is the hernia sac (pouch) which contain abdominal contents such as omentum, small intestine, colon or bladder, or the sac may be empty (SD, Sharma VM, et al 2013).There ar many types of hernia but most occurring hernia is groin hernias also other hernias it involve hiatus hernia, incisional hernia and umbilical hernia. (SD, Sharma VM, et al 2013)The inguinal hernia occur at the time when the winds pushes though a weak area in the scrotum, this phenomenon run to rounded swelling which distort a flat surface of the scrotum(groin).this swelling may hurt or may burn sometimes. Inguinal hernia occur in the scrotum where there is the deposition of the fatty tissues or intestinal tissues pushes through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal resides at its lower part, both males and females have the inguinal canal. In men, the testes usually are situated downwa rd through this tubular duct shortly in the beginning restoration over.In women, the tubular duct is the location for the uterine ligament. If a hernia is in this area, it results in a protruding swelling that result into a itchy during movement.Most of the inguinal hernia occur because an impoliteing in the muscle wall do not close as it should be before birth, this result to a weak area in the front part of the human trunk muscles, Pressure on the weak area can result tissue to push through and swell out. A hernia can occur soon after birth or after some time in the life depending on the various factors that individual can be subjected with during the life time. People with more weight are facing more risk of grasp a hernia. Hernias are more common in men. A woman may get a hernia while she is pregnant because of the pressure on her belly wall.SYMPTOMSThe main symptom of an inguinal hernia is the swelling in the groin or scrotum in case of men, the swelling feels like a comp ress mass with an irregular shape. This swelling may form over a period of weeks or months or it may appear all of a choppy after been lifting heavy weights, coughing, bending, straining, or laughing. The hernia can be distressingnessful, but some hernias makes a swelling with no pain.Other symptoms includepain when coughing, exercising, or bending overburning sensationssharp paina heavy or full sensation in the groinTypes of Inguinal HerniasThere are two main types of hernia, which are, direct hernia and indirect hernia. The direct inguinal hernia is most occurring one and it is usually occur in premature birth at the time before the inguinal canal is fully developed, also it might happen any time during the life time and it is most occurring in males.A direct inguinal hernia most often occurs in adults. The popular belief is that weakening muscles during adulthood lead to a direct inguinal hernia. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), this type of hernia is more prevalent in men.Inguinal hernias can also be incarcerated or strangulated. An incarcerated inguinal hernia happens when tissue becomes stuck in the groin and cant go back. Strangulated versions are more serious medical conditions that restrict blood flow to the small intestine. Strangulated hernias are life-threatening and require emergency medical care.EPIDEMOLOGYInguinal hernia occur in both male and female, but are more common in males than in female and are more in whites compared with non-whites, it affect all ages but the more risk of inguinal hernia affix with the increase in age. With respect to the sex, females become apparent at the later age between the age of 40 to 60 years and from 60 to 79years .while in men it occur 10 years earlier. (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016)BACKGROUND INFORMATIONHernias are among of the oldest recorded problem that cause illness in mankind and they are most seen in the groin or scrotum. (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016) .The first report of hernia was published in 1853 by Bowditch. The disco rattling of artificially insensitive to pain drugs or induce by the admistration by the gases before the functional operation(anesthesia) and the development of drugs which prevent the infirmity causing microorganisms( nonpurulent) methods in the mid of 19th century change fundamentally the utilization of surgery. The development of these techniques including anesthesia techniques in the 1860s allowed more invasive methods to be used in the treatment of non-complicated inguinal hernias.The concluded method for the treatment of inguinal hernia is the surgical repair method regardless of its origin or its type (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016).HERNIA REPAIR APROACHESOPEN ANTERIOR HERNIA REPAIR APROACHIn the late 19th century Trait introduced the basic surgical management of scrotum hernias that he used a trans- abdominal shape up shot to suture the defect this technique used the row of stiches holding together the edges of wound or a surgical incision where by a thread or wire is used. This approach fell from favor when Eduardo Bassini in 1887, introduced the first true anatomical repair of the inguinal herniaHenry O Marcy (1837-1924), a surgeon from the USA and a disciple of the English surgeon Joseph Lister, give a detailed account of two cases of incarcerated hernia that he treated surgically in 1871. Marcy, using Listerian antiseptic techniques, performed the standard operation of the day on these two patients he divided the hernia ring in the usual way with the hernial knife and reduced the incarcerated hernia. besides Marcy went more and more extensive with the hernia technique then in vogue, Rather than open the hernia sac, he reduced it and repaired the defect by shutdown the constricting ring with carbolized catgut suture.LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACHESIntroduced by Ger in 1982 into the armamentarium of hernia repairs ,since its introduction it have undergone considerably changes and it ha s been are source of most pro languished dis agreements. With the appearing of long and distinct period of history of laparoscopic surgery, some surgeons had been suggested to apply this new technology (prosthetic material) on the laparoscopic hernias surgery because it (the laparoscopic surgery) fulfils all the primary and secondary points for the perfect hernia surgery.The very important point that is provided by laparoscopic surgery that it dealt with the hernia at the point of its origin exactly within the abdominal cavity at the level of the scrotum holes, and not at the inguinal canal, where the hernial sac follows its way.Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair technique was initiated in early 1990s and build on the originally championed by Ren Stoppa (open preperitoneal approaches). similarly Ger in 1982 made effort to archive a minimal access groin hernia repair by closing the opening of an indirect inguinal hernial sac using Michel clips.In 1989, Bogojavlensky reported filling an indirect hernia defect with a plug of polypropylene mesh followed by laparoscopic suture closure of the internal ring.In 1990, Phillips and McKenna developed totally extra peritoneal (TEP) technique with or without peritoneoscopy. In 1991 Arregui give a detailed information about transabnormial preperitoneal (TAPP) approach with full exposure of the inguinal floor and placement of a large preperitoneal prosthesis.Toy and Smoot in 1991 give a detailed informationabout a technique of intraperitoneal on lay mesh (IPOM) placement, where by an intraabdominal piece of polypropylene or e-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was stapled over the myopectineal orifice without opening of the peritoneumDuring the same period, Phillips and McKernan gave a detailed account on TEP technique of endoscopic hernioplasty (where an instrument was introduced into the body to view its internal parts) where the peritoneal cavity is not breached and the entire dissection is performed bluntly (without sharp edge instruments) in the extraperitoneal space with a balloon device or the tip of the laparoscope itselfThe advancement of the knowledge of human anatomy in inguinal region is vital importance in the surgical skills of the distemper. Once the dissection is complete, a 15 - 10 cm mesh is stapled in place over the myopectineal orifice(most common now days).In all of the rapairs the mesh is in physical contact fascia of the transversalis muscle in the preperitoneal space, allows tissue ingrowths leading to the fixation of the mesh (as opposed to being in contact to the peritoneum as in IPOM repair where it is prone to migrate). The two techniques (TAPP and TEP) proved more effective and emerged as the most popular.These repairs approach the myopectineal orifice posteriorly, similar in anatomical perspective to the open preperitoneal approaches. A clear understanding of the anatomy from this perspective is crucial to avoid a publication of complications, mainly vascular and nerve in juries. Laparoscopy provides a clear view of the entire myopectineal orifice, and repairs of both inguinal and femoral hernias can be performedLITERATURE REVIEWAlthough the incidence and prevalence of inguinal hernias worldwide is unknown, it is estimated, that in the United States, most about 4.5 million people have inguinal hernia while in Jerusalem, it was documented as 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over.Less is known about epidemiology of inguinal hernia in resource poor setting, according to the currently research it shows that in Tanzania the inguinal hernial prevalence in adults is 5.36% and approximately 12.09% of men live with hernia. While in Great Britain about 7000 repairs are performed each year, this indicate that about 0.14% of the whole population own from hernia (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016).PROBLEM STATEMENTInguinal hernia is common surgical problem in both developed and developing countries. Sometimes it can birth a surgical misunderstanding even for the skilled surge on when the swell contain unusual contents, surgery is the only way to deal with abnormal contents raised in the swelling (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016).The surgery is the basic care for an individuals suffer from inguinal hernia (groin hernia) which is most common problem. About 96% of all scrotal hernias are regarded as inguinal hernias and the remaining 4% are formal. Surgical practice of inguinal hernia is most common operations performed now days .inguinal hernia is the one of the most important problem in a public health, also another problem of hernia is that it can it can present a danger problem even for a skilled surgeon because many disease contagious disease can be regarded as hernia (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016).Inguinal hernia is disease that affect most people in a sea-coastal area (case study Tanga) that cause the inflammation and pain full in the testes (scrotum), according to the previously research shows less has been done to prevent the spread of the disease and to impr ove the awareness of individuals towards the disease also he improvement of medication and repair system has to be improved.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYSpecific objectives1. To assess the number of individual who are living with the disease2. To assess the number of individuals who are in a risk of being infected by the disease3. To assess the availability of diagnosis and the treatment of the diseaseGeneral objectives1.To proceed the government and non-governmental institutions to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the disease2.To understand the magnitude of the disease in Tanzania especially in Tanga coast landQUESTIONNAIREQuestion. What is an inguinal hernia?Indicator inguinal hernia is a swelling of scrotumQuestion. What causes an inguinal hernia?Indicator is the defect that individual born with it, also may be infectionQuestion. What are the symptoms of an inguinal hernia?Indicator swelling and pain full in the scrotum during caught or lifting heavy objectsQuestion. Why do most of people suffer from the disease do not get treatments?Indicator because most f people inherit the weakness that cause the disease from their parentsQuestion is the treatment for the disease enough to fight the disease?Indicator the treatment may vary according to the area where individual lives, other areas are with high social go but others are notQuestion Do you understand how the disease is transmitted?Indicator7. Question Do you know what organism transmit the disease?IndicatorSIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYAt the end of this research the community awareness towards the disease will increase hence the prevention measures will increase and the number of individuals who are at risk of being infected will be reduced.Also the diagnosis and treatment will be improved so as to fight the diseaseSTUDY AREAThe research shall be conducted in Tanga coast land case study MuhezaSAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES precedent shall be selected from the population randomly in order to avoid biasness a nd obtain the accurate data for the problem of inguinal herniaDATA COLLECTION Data in this research shall be collected using research questionnaires that will be provided to the individuals member of community and answer the provided questions concerning with the inguinal hernia, case study Muheza Tanga coast land.DATA ANALYSISThe obtained data from the questionnaire will be analyzed using various data analytical methods such as SPSS and SASCONCLUSIONAll in all the research that will be conducted aim to improve the community awareness towards the disease among the individuals member of the community in Muheza influence the government and individuals to take the concern towards the disease and also to improve the community ability to fight against the disease.REFERENCESDebas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, et al. 2015 Essential Surgery Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). editors, Washington (DC) The multinational Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank A pr 2.Fitzgibbons RJ, Richards AT, Quinn TH WS, Mitchell P, Fink MP, Jurkovich GJ, Kaiser LR, Pearce WH, Pemberton JH, Soper NJ, 2002. Open hernia repair. In Souba, editors. ACS Surgery Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, U.S.A Decker Publishing Inc. pp. 828-849H. ABRAMSON, J. GOFIN, C. HOPP, AND A. MAKLER Journal of Epidemiology and union Health, 1978, 32, 59-67J. Department of Social Medicine, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School and Hadassah University Hospital, JerusalemHarvinder Singh Pahwa, Awanish Kumar, Prerit Agarwal, Akshay Anand Agarwal. World Journal of Clinical Cases, Department of Surgery, King Georgee Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaNational Center for Health Statistics (1960). Hernias Reported in Interviews United States July 1957-June 1959. Health Statistics from the US National Health Survey, Series B. No. 25, pp. 6-7. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Washington DCOnuigbo WIB, Njeze GE (2016) Inguinal Hernia . A Review. J Surg Oper Care 1(2) 202. doi 10.15744/2455-7617.1.202SD, Sharma VM. J Med Res Rev 2013, Retrospective analysis of inguinal hernia repair by various methods in a teaching institute. Int1(5)240-244Venditti D, Rossi P, Lisi G, et al 2015. Anew prosthesis in inguinal hernia repair results of a pilot study. Surgery Res Open 2(2) 66-71.