Research Essay for Intellectual Property Rights - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theResearch Essay for Intellectual Property Rights. Answer: As globalization is dodging hindrances to correspondences and exchange, it is growing new types of isolation due to the wide of innovation between the rich and the poor nations. This is obvious from the way that the created nations hold the financial force while the least created or the creating nations endure to confront monetary marginalization[1]. So as to upgrade limit and advance both financial advancement and human turn of events, the creating nations are urged to quicken entrepreneurialism, bolster development and improve the obtaining of specialized aptitudes. Under the lawful system of the worldwide Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) which is principally founded on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS Agreement), the part states off the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required to hold fast to the specified least measures of IPRs assurance. The IPRs enrich the financial specialists with motivations to put resources into innovative wor k of new advancements and license them to procure returns on their speculations by method of furnishing them with syndication rights. Notwithstanding, the current system of the TRIPS understanding neglects to find some kind of harmony between creating private motivating forces and propelling innovation moves and advancing advancement to help people in general. The current system has been dependent upon a few reactions inferable from its inability to keep up balance between the advantages of general society and the private incentives[2]. Prior to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement, the creating nations had negligible motivating forces to shape an exceptionally defensive IPRs lawful structure rather; they focused essentially on supporting free progression of data and procuring a mechanical base. The challengers of solid IPRs system in the creating nations contended that the creating nations expect openness toward the Western Technology so as to improve their mechanical development. The contention infers that data must be furnished to the creating countries with constrained limitations, as advancement of the creating countries is one of the fields of enthusiasm of the considerable number of countries around the world. The adversaries of the IPRs security further contended that the vast majority of the created nations have been getting a charge out of outstanding opportunity in abusing protected innovation for the advancement of their own economy before the beginning of the TRIPs Agreement[3]. Be that as it may, if the understanding comes to impact, it would antagonistically influence the monetary development, as it would propel the creating nations to pay for the utilization of the licensed innovation as is clear from the partnerships and people in created nations. Then again, created nations are vigorously subject to move of data and innovation and think about it as a crucial part of their economies, contended for a profoundly defensive IPRs system rather than the creating countries[4]. These nations are of the feeling that sorted out robbery debilitates the motivation structure that exchange imprint, patent or copyright indicates to ensure and additionally, with the execution of the TRIPs understanding the creating countries would have the option to upgrade the inventive exercises locally and give more noteworthy accessibility of trend setting innovations from remote countries[5]. The scholarly rights find some kind of harmony between the requirements of society to empower advancement and improvement of new advances, abstract and masterful works. The creating nations expect that a more grounded and viable licensed innovation assurance system may empower local development, specialized enhancements, and so on the creating nations have IPRs frameworks that underpins scattering of data through minimal effort impersonation of remote advancements and items which suggests that possibilities for residential development and creation are not sufficiently evolved to make sure about security. This is basically on the grounds that the majority of the item advancements focuses on local markets and are profited by local security of utility models, exchange insider facts and licenses and such innovations include minor adjustments of winning items and technologies[6]. So as to get serious, the enterprises in creating nations must embrace new administration strategies for quality control, to upgrade advertise profitability. Such ventures are costly however they tend to have taking off social returns and assume a significant job in expanding profitability toward global standard[7]. For example, insurance gave by utility models has demonstrated to improve efficiency in nations having poor advances. In Brazil, utility models have empowered residential makers to accomplish a huge portion of the ranch apparatus showcase by supporting adjustment of outside innovations to local conditions. While IPRs guarantee to improve development and advancement under proper conditions, it might prompt troubles identifying with the social and financial expenses. The TRIPS understanding has neglected to accomplish balance between the created countries and creating countries as for the different contending cases of both the nations[8]. The creating nations may need to confront net government assistance misfortunes in the short-run inferable from the few costs related with the assurance that may emerge sooner than the points of interest referenced previously. Another analysis that the TRIPS understanding is exposed to is that the understanding doesn't give a suitable uniform standard to the differing exhibit of states. On one hand, the created countries as of now have suitable degrees of IPR insurance on account of which the IP right-holders profit by the improved and exceptionally defensive IPRs system. Then again, the creating countries experience monetary misfortune as it is costly to build up the fitting implementation and regulatory system that is required to help the current exceptionally defensive IPRs system. In spite of the fact that the understanding targets giving the creating nations long haul gains with the fortifying of the framework, the move to the more grounded insurance includes costs in the short-run and such costs are not paltry essentially. To close, the TRIPS Agreement is a type of IPR insurance that is profitable to the created nations as they are in a progressively valuable stage under the understanding when contrasted with the creating country. The Agreement gets the creating countries availability to innovation and dismaying the dissemination of the cutting edge innovation that is required for the improvement of the economy. It neglects to accomplish the harmony between creating private motivating forces and advancing exchange of innovation to support the general population. Reference List Bellmann, Christophe, and Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, eds.Trading in Knowledge: Development Perspectives on TRIPS, Trade and Sustainability. Routledge, 2013. Cimoli, Mario, et al. The job of protected innovation rights in creating nations: Some conclusions.Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development(2014): 503-513. Cimoli, Mario, et al.Intellectual property rights: legitimate and monetary difficulties for improvement. Oxford University Press, 2014. Mani, Sunil, and Richard R. Nelson, eds.TRIPS consistence, national patent systems and advancement: proof and experience from creating nations. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. Maskus, Keith E. Licenses and Technology Transfer through Trade and the Role of Regional Trade Agreements. (2016). Rimmer, Matthew. Exchange wars the TRIPS Council: Intellectual property, innovation move, and environmental change. (2016). Roa, Carolina, et al. Plant hereditary assets: Needs, rights, and opportunities.Trends in Plant Science21.8 (2016): 633-636. Watal, Jayashree. Is TRIPS a Balanced Agreement from the Perspective of Recent Free Trade Agreements?.EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property: For Better or Worse?. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. 41-57.

Northern Rock Risk Management Essay Example

Northern Rock: Risk Management Essay Northern Rock plc Risk Management Home Assignment Northern Rock plc Risk Management Home Assignment Authors: Serghei Leahu Alexandru Mangir Mihail Mavrin Seminar pioneer: Herbert Windsor Authors: Serghei Leahu Alexandru Mangir Mihail Mavrin Seminar pioneer: Herbert Windsor Table of Contents Executive summary2 Economic and money related condition description3 Causes and conditions of brought about losses5 Errors by the organisation8 Errors by inside and outside overseeing authorities10 The inner authorities10 The outer authorities10 Effects on other business organisations12 Conclusions14 References15 Executive synopsis According to the House of Common’s Treasury Committee’s Fifth Report of Session 2007-08 â€Å"The run on the Rock†, on the night of Thursday 13 September 2007 at 8. 30 PM the BBC declared that Northern Rock plc had requested and gotten crisis monetary help from the Bank of England. The conditions of the financing office were concluded in the early long stretches of Friday 14 September and declared at 7. 00 AM that day. That day, long lines started to shape outside some of Northern Rock’s branches; later, its site crumbled and its telephone lines were accounted for to be stuck. The primary bank run in the United Kingdom since Victorian occasions was in progress. The reason for this home task is to basically talk about the Northern Rock plc bank run from a flawed hazard the board point of view. We look to analyze what were the reasons for the breakdown of Britain’s fifth biggest home loan moneylender, related ramifications for both the bank and other monetary foundations (both residential and global), the manner in which specialists adapted to this occasion and potential exercises to be drawn about legitimate and ill-advised hazard the board. Monetary and money related condition depiction We will compose a custom exposition test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For a superior comprehension of the subtleties of hazard the executives issues that inundated Northern Rock plc, it is of essential significance to as a matter of first importance investigate the monetary condition during the time of the misfortune. Genuine GDP development projections starting at 4 April 2007 Country/Region| 2006| 2007| 2008| United States| 3,25| 2,25| 2,5| Western Europe| 2,75| 2,5| 2,25| United Kingdom| 2,75| 2,5| Other West Europe| 3,75| 3| 2,75| Euro area| 2,75| 2,5| 2| Emerging markets| 7,25| 6,5| 6,25| World(WEO weights)| 5,25| 4,25| In August of 2007, the UK wound up influenced by worldwide budgetary bedlam. Refering to bank Credit Europe (2007), the liquidity emergency started from the US subprime contract advertise. In territory Europe, the emergency is accepted to have been activated when French based bank BNP Paribas suspended three of its speculation finances that were presented to the US showcases that exchanged poisonous resources, as detailed by BBC News on 9 August 2007. Subsequently, share costs plunged and banks would not keep loaning to one another. Thus, all significant national banks far and wide began infusing liquidity into their residential markets in comparative endeavors. The European Central Bank looked to quiet the tide by apparently siphoning $130 billion in the European financial framework. It looked to fulfill Eurozone liquidity requests as quick as could be expected under the circumstances, dissimilar to the Bank of England who left UK banks claims for liquidity agitated. The Bank of England didn't stick to this same pattern and took no possibility quantifies so as to ensure against moral risk. Their defense was that an infusion would incite banks to take on greater liquidity chance, resting sound realizing that the Bank of England would figure out how to spare them. Infusing cash into economy to forestall emergency have two significant dangers, initial one is easing back development a lot if there should arise an occurrence of attempting to abstain from giving new cash, and second one is that expansion weights will ascend in the event of giving an excess of , toward the end even with a more prominent log jam. Because of these dangers, the bank of England didn't infuse cash into the UK monetary framework. Additionally, behind the financial condition a huge impact on any business has the world of politics. Its belongings are considerably more prominent during a time of crucial time in money related frameworks where trust and certainty is huge. In the UK for instance, the money related framework is managed by the Tripartite framework: the Bank of England, the Financial Services Authority and the Treasury. As per Aldrick (2007), despite the fact that their jobs are clear, there was no overall position when the emergency struck, which implied that everybody was pointing fingers around, however no one had the option to take the huge lump of duty regarding reactionary measures. All things considered, why Northern Rock, out of the entirety of the UK’s budgetary establishments, end up being the most fragile connection? Why had the credit crunch influenced it in such intense style? Was it its very own survivor doing or were other outside powers engaged with the bank run? We plan to respond to these inquiries under after headings. Causes and conditions of brought about misfortunes According to ex-Unilever, British Gas and KPMG supervisor Mike Barnato, hazard is the foe of chance. No boats could ever leave port if chiefs needed to maintain a strategic distance from dangers related with ocean travel. In this way, chance must be overseen so as to accomplish goals at all levels: private, corporate, state. In any case, the good old way to deal with hazard the executives, for example, recognize chance, measure likelihood, check impact, and distinguish responses, constantly dismisses more extensive individuals and key issues. As expressed by the Financial Services Authority, liquidity hazard is characterized as â€Å"the chance that a firm, in spite of the fact that accounting report dissolvable, can't keep up or produce adequate money assets to meet its installment commitments in full as they fall due, or can just do as such at physically disadvantageous terms. † Initially settled as a structure society, Northern Rock demutualised in October of 1997 and turned into a plc. The banks combined asset report became no under sixfold, because of a total upgrade in its corporate technique. As indicated by the Treasury Committee Report (2008), CEO Mr Adam Applegarth guaranteed that Northern Rocks resources increment by 20% give or take 5% throughout the previous 17 years. Maintainability for the high development of benefits was to originated from a rebuilding of its liabilities. The year 1999 denoted the start of the supposed begin and convey model, which included beginning or buying credits and moving them to SPVs (Special Purpose Vehicle), which thusly bundle these advances into collateralised obligation commitments (CDOs) to offer to outsider financial specialists. Around half of Northern Rocks subsidizing (originating from securitised notes) was given by SPV Granite, enlisted in Jersey. The continually developing financing need was expected to be met by methods for securitising bonds utilizing a LLP (Limited Liability Partnership), which permitted the bank to keep holding its benefits and issue resource supported protections on their premise. This was a worthwhile and very secure arrangement for financial specialists. As discount financing significantly expanded, the extent of retail stores as methods for subsidizing steadily diminished, by 2006 totalling 22. 4% of absolute value and liabilities rather than no under 62% in 1997. The Northern Rock emergency was brought about by a verly forceful plan of action, which depended for the most part on discount showcase subsidizing, as opposed to its own stores. Fast development was reasonable, in light of the fact that subsidizing from stores would not even close to be as conceivably high as discount financing. By and by, this dependence presented the bank to an up and coming liquidity chance. UK currency markets will undo ubtedly be hit by a liquidity emergency, following strain in the US as the Feds financing cost was everywhere. The principal half of 2007 saw contract loaning go up by 31% contrasted with a similar time of 2006. Northern Rocks advance book quality was an unmistakable much welcomed sight, as loaning quality definitely diminished. The bank was parting with contracts left and right to clients whose credit value was obscure no doubt. It is nothing unexpected that numerous likenesses can be drawn between Northern Rocks plan of action and the plan of action of US contract loan specialists. Be that as it may, astounding is the way that Northern Rocks the executives evidently didn't endeavor to deal with the conspicuous liquidity and operational dangers having instances of home loan moneylenders over the Atlantic that were obviously testing existing known limits. As indicated by the Treasury Committee Report (2008), on 9 August 2007 it became perfectly clear that Northern Rock would confront serious issues if the currency markets kept on being solidified as they were. It was on that day that the banks dealers noticed a disengagement in the market for its subsidizing. This was the impact of a worldwide budgetary framework stun activated by the US subprime contract showcase. While this stun was initially credit based and it didn't straightforwardly open Northern Rock to the feared liquidity chance, its belongings scrutinized the estimation of benefit supported protections and related items held by enormous monetary establishments around the globe. In general market liquidity was unstable because of the way that holders of benefit upheld protections didn't have data with respect to advance quality and default rates, to which originators of these protections had get to, so the subsidizing of these money related instruments got dangerous. As Northern Rock was coming up short on money since its last securitisation in May and another was expected in September at the most punctual, the liquidity freeze hit the manage an account with sadly

What Is an MIT Community

What Is an MIT Community At MIT, no community follows an algorithm, but each one is open to sharing and appreciating passions, regardless of major and background. The Institute has far exceeded my expectations for social involvement, and in the limited example of my hall, I will do my best to explain how. On First East, many are fascinated by Aerospace Engineering (Course 16). Sometimes we sit together in a darkened lounge and watch shadows of Jupiter’s moons glide slowly along the planet’s surface. The quivering black dots on the screen look amazing, especially when peers provide context and passion. Discussions about NASA, JPL, SpaceX, and Mars One are so common and familiar, that it seems as if we are all part of the progress. When there is an upcoming shuttle launch, we will most certainly know. Some adore Mathematics (Course 18). I’ve sat transfixed in random places in the hallway many times, absorbing impromptu lectures on algebra, number theory, and the analogy of field extensions to love and all relationships. The whiteboard by my door blooms with formulas and symbols, reminders of curious proofs completed overnight. Often I hear debates about Course 18 among students of different majors, in a lengthy exchange of experiences and ideas. Discovering algebraic groups with a friend at midnight before a biology pset is due may not sound like a good idea, but I love it. (hall clot with a variety of interests) Most residents also want to learn more about Nuclear Science (Course 22). We’ve held storytimes in the lounge, during which we took turns reading books about the topic out loud. One such book was a compilation of stories about all aspects of nuclear risk, Command and Control by Eric Schlosser (review here). How fascinating it was to watch everyone unmoved, soaking in every word of the reader! And afterwards, when Boston shut down for Valentine’s Day, we watched a documentary for more on nuclear warfare and associated propaganda, Atomic Café. Many hall members are engineers, and we love to stay updated on their projects. One day, we may get the backstory on the creation of an Electronic Musical Drum Trainer (UpBeat, a set of lighted attachments for guided drum learning video here, brochure here, and 2.009 website with more awesome Course 2 projects here) from a Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) major. Our neighbour from Course 6 (Electrical Engineering Computer Science) returns home late every day because she is also the Mechanical Lead for MIT’s Solar Electric Vehicle Team (and a video featuring the vehicle can be found on the Google Science Fair front page). She tells us with a contagious excitement how awesome it is to build a solar car from scratch, and how we should definitely join the club. (MIT SEVT team) Of no less importance are the less “formal” projects. Often the lounge ripples with sounds of locally synthesized electronic music, or live piano improvisations based on the songs of Dire Straits that mold into Dr. Horrible’s soundtrack, and somehow end with Taylor Swift’s “Blank Space.” Other times, unexpectedly heated debates can be heard from afar. Some non-STEM discussions take us to Irish 18th century folk ballads, Columbus’ Day controversy, Tunisian development, U.S. policy, CourseRoad paths, MIT culture, recent events, or something else completely random and/or serious. We have mused about the best way to manufacture 3D-printable spray-on clothing (or discovered some impressive already existing 3D-printing technologies, like 3D-printable cheese, shown here, with a particularly captivating construction video of the Leaning Tower of Cheeza). We have been fascinated by performance art like this and have implemented it in less radical forms. We have watched Big Hero 6, and some noticed their old engineering textbooks in the cartoon’s background, while others dreamt to have the cat from the movie, but we all laughed and held our breaths at the same moments. Residents from all courses and years gather together for these occurrences. Sometimes we get rowdy. Other times, we study quietly, acknowledging the high level of “hosedness.” My collective memories of group experiences can overflow into dozens of posts, and whether I’ll get to writing them is unclear. I hope that I have at least marginally conveyed the passions fostered within the Institute in this post, and will return to the topic in more detail soon. I welcome you to explore MIT and find your place! Rushing to eat delectable strawberries cream waffles with hall, for now, farewell (#PeopleBeforePsets)

Freedom of Speech vs. Censorship on the Internet - 2126 Words

Freedom of Speech Vs. Censorship: Children on the Internet The internet is a very controversial communication device in today’s society. If desired, one could find information on nearly any topic they choose. Censorship and free speech is a widely discussed topic when dealing with the current freedom of the internet especially when dealing with young minds. Should the internet have censored topics which would be illegal to post and/or view freely by children? Should the internet be a free-for-all arena in which anyone could do as they wish without judgment of others opinions and views imposing on their own? So far in class and in the text Gift of Fire by Sara Baase we have seen many issues dealing with Freedom of Speech and the internet.†¦show more content†¦As a result of this and the international span of the internet, it is hard for the FCC to be an overseer of the medium. Certain controversial laws have attempted to set in place regulations that censor ethically and socially dubious materials from publication on the web. The topic that has been at the forefront of debate deals with obscene materials. This is a heated topic because the definition of obscenity is very vague and subject to interpretation. What is considered to be â€Å"obscene† can be viewed very differently depending on ones personal morals, beliefs, and values. For example, a parent who is highly religious and living in the United States may view nudity on cable television as obscene and pornographic for their child to view, while a person with the same religious beliefs living in Europe or another part of the world may just view this as art or entertainment. This is due to the difference in societal views on obscenity. To get to the root of what is considered obscene, a test for judging obscene material was set in the case of Miller v. California. This modern test for obscenity consists of three parts: â€Å"(1) the proscribed material must depict or describe sexual conduct in a patently offensive way, (2) the conduct must be specifically described in the law, and (3) the work must,Show MoreRelatedGovernments Censoring Internet Content1490 Words   |  6 Pagespros and cons of government involvement in controlling the content of the Internet. Everyday technology is getting more sophisticated, meaning that nowadays it is easy to explore about a certain issue via online connection and be near the world. In the present, as long as you have Internet connection, you have the ability to have access to all kind of information that is posted on Internet. There is a huge debate whether internet should be regulated or not, and this is excepted to continue in the upcomingRead More The Controversy Over Inte rnet Censorship Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Controversy Over Internet Censorship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For many people, using the Internet has become practically a new way of life, especially for college students and the like.   Various types of information can be accessed at the touch of a button: anything from encyclopedias, to surveys and essays, to articles from magazines, and adult sites.   Anyone who pays for their Internet service is usually offered space for his or her own web page, and even many free services provide space for personal webRead MoreEssay Arguing the Opposition of Censorship867 Words   |  4 PagesArguing the opposition of Censorship For centuries, government nations and society have been withholding certain pieces of information from the public to ensure safety and prevent catastrophic out bursts; this detainment of public knowledge is called censoring. Censorship started in the early twentieth century, when profane literature began to surface in the wake of World War I; ever since then its been a normal part of all society. Without the use of censorship and the methods used to sustain informationRead More Censorship and the Internet Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation available on the internet many people believe that some of this information should be censored by the United States Government. Whos to say what should be accessible and what should not? Where does it start and stop? Does internet censorship make a nation a safer place to live? There are many countries that don’t allow the use of the internet at all and some countries only censor what they don’t want their citizens to kno w. Daniel Calingaert said â€Å"The internet has provided greater spaceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Stimulus Material Given I Saw A Relationship Between Mexico And The United States Essay2124 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduction of the Internet many governments need to change. This change would come through passing different laws which would censor the Internet and in doing so, limit freedom of speech, because this is widely controversial in the US. I began to look at why this is so controversial. According to Andrea Leadsom, a Conservative Member of Parliament for South Northamptonshire, the Internet should be censored for the kids. She states this because of the many inappropriate websites on the Internet, making itRead MoreOn January 1, 2016, The Institute Of Contemporary History1736 Words   |  7 Pageshad to contend with a lot of criticism due to their strong censorship of Mein Kampf. 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Did you know that the Internet’sRead MoreA Review of the Issues Surrounding Internet Censorship and Cross-National Information Conflict2681 Words   |  11 Pagesa brief review of the government censorship over internet, which is turning into a national dilemma as well as the cross-national conflict which affect the global businesses. Nowadays, internet censorship is widely accepted standard regulation that controls any information available on the internet and by using filtering tools to prevent people from accessing materials that are considered to be inappropriate. While government support the use of internet censorship as a protection of public securityRead MoreEssay on Freedom of Cyber-Speech2082 Words   |  9 PagesFreedom of Cyber-Speech      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freedom of speech has always been an important issue in American society.   With the advent of the Internet as a high-speed communication device, this issue has become even more prominent in recent years.   This paper will explore the issue of whether the Internet should be censored. Additionally, it will investigate possible methods for undertaking this censorship.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since 1787, the Constitution has been integral part of American society.   TheRead MoreThe Case Of Naked 1607 Words   |  7 Pagesimage could be captured and shared. When Nadia s coworker one day captures a video of her sunbathing nude and shares it on the internet she begins to be harassed and her mom seems to abandon her. Nadia s co - worker, it is was unethical for her to take the video of Nadia and post it on the internet. The co - worker knew who Nadia was but decided to put it on the internet for the world to see. As her co - worker, he or she oversteps their boundaries of respecting work relationships. The co - worker

Out Out by Robert Frost - 548 Words

Robert Frost is the author of Out Out--, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, and Nothing Gold can Stay. His literary work communicates deep meaning through the use of metaphoric language and deception. Being raised most of his life on a farm; his works perceive the natural life of a normal person while out in nature. â€Å"Frost believes that the emphasis on everyday life allows him to communicate with his readers more clearly; they can empathize with the struggles and emotions that are expressed in his poems and come to a greater understanding of ‘Truth’ themselves† (Robert Frost: Poems Themes). The poem Out Out--, is about life and how it could end at any moment by death. Thus, the title is known to have come from a scene in Macbeth, â€Å"The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!† (23; Macbeth). With this poem, Frost emphasizes death as a result of the everyday life on a farm as a young boy, who by accident or with the lack of attention ha s severed his hand, lost too much blood, and died. Like a candle being blown out, death can become us at any moment of our everyday lives. In Robert Frost’s poem Nothing Gold can Stay, the theme is also about death like it also is in Out Out—, as well. Yet, this poem emphasizes more about the transience of life rather than the suddenness of life ending. â€Å"Nothing Gold can Stay† is about the appreciation for the golden days while the cycle of life continues and death becomes of each and every one of us. The theme of Out Out, also has toShow MoreRelatedOut, Out by Robert Frost782 Words   |  3 Pages Robert Frosts poem â€Å"Out, Out,† paints a strange and bizarre death image to readers; A young boys death due to a carnivorous chainsaw who sought blood, slicing the boys hand off. 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The significance of this section inRead MoreAnalysis Of Out, Out By Robert Frost780 Words   |  4 PagesOut, Out and the Responsibilities of age Responsibilities may not seem very harmful, but not adhering to these responsibilities can lead to dire consequences. Said responsibilites are much more prominent in the teenage years of life. For example: driving, getting offered drugs and/or alcohol, and intercourse are all situations that teenagers might find themselves in. These situations may not be inherently bad, but because teenagers are new drivers, too young and inexperienced to properly care forRead MoreOut, Out by Robert Frost Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesOut, Out Out, Out, by Robert Frost is a gruesomely graphic and emotional poem about the tragic end of a young boys life. It is a powerful expression about the fragility of life and the fact that death can come at any time. Death is always devastating, but it is even more so when the victim is just a young boy. The fact that the boys death came right before he could Call it a day (750) leads one to think the tragedy might have been avoided and there by forces the reader to think, WhatRead MorePoem, Birches And Out, Out By Robert Frost1116 Words   |  5 PagesTheme, Figurative Speech and Tones in â€Å"Birches† and â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco. Descended from the New Englanders generations, his parents, make Robert Frost is much associated with New England. In addition, most of his poems were well-known as a reflection from New England life. Despite that, he was a kind of subtle poet and generally recognized as a private man. Moreover, his appearance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy to recite â€Å"The Gift Outright†Read More Analysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost Robert Frost tells a disturbing story in Out, Out, --, in which a little boy loses his life. The title of the poem leaves the reader to substitute the last word of the title, which some would assume would be out because of the repetition. The title is referring to the boy exiting the living world. Frost drags the readers mind into the poem with the imagistic description of the tools and atmosphere the little boy is surrounded by. Frost describesRead More Appeal of Robert Frosts Out Out Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting and appealing poems is Robert Frost’s â€Å"Out, Out†. The poem has the ability to make the reader visualize an event in vivid detail without making it into a short story. The poem depicts a very dramatic scene and makes it seem as if the reader is really there. Poems are generally thought to be about love and feelings, but some poems can actually be like a short story; these are called narrative poems, which means that they tell a story. The poem â€Å"Out, Out† is a great example of a narrativeRead MoreLooking Out By Robert Frost2826 Words   |  12 Pageshas found its thought and the thought has found words.† (Robert Frost) Expressing emotions is a very important thing that we do in our lives, everyone also has a different way they express emotions. In the quote by Robert Frost he says that he expresses his emotions through writing poetry. The way people express emotions is very important in their lives, it can improve or destroy many interpersonal relationships. In the book â€Å" Looking Out, Looking in† it talks about how people express emotions toRead MoreDisabled by Wilfred Owen and Out, Out by Robert Frost1516 Words   |  6 PagesCompare how the theme of loss is communicated in the poems â€Å"Disabled† by Wilfred Owen and ‘Out, Out –‘by Robert Frost In both of the poems â€Å"Out, Out’’ and ‘’Disabled’ ’has a similar theme of loss and is shown throughout each poem. Both of the poem deals with the subject of physical loss. The characters of these poems both experience losses from an accident. They create an effect, where the audience will show empathy to the two poems. In order to create this outstanding effect, they both used similarRead More A Comparison of The death of a hired man and Out, Out- by Robert Frost1199 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of The death of a hired man and Out, Out- by Robert Frost Robert frost was born in Vermont in 1874 and died in 1963. Robert Frost was a farmer and lived in Vermont, USA. Both poems The death of a hired man and Out, Out- are set on a farm in Vermont which is probably because of where Robert Frost lived and worked. I will know begin to discuss the similarities. As I said previously both poems are set in a farm enviroment. The poem The death of a hired man is probably set

Volume Variety Matrix Free Essays

string(29) " in extremely large volumes\." Volume-variety and design In Chapter 1 the four V’s of operations were described. These were volume, variety, variation and visibility. The first two of these – volume and variety – are particularly important when considering design issues in operations management. We will write a custom essay sample on Volume Variety Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only do they usually go together (high variety usually means low volume, high volume normally means low variety) but together they also impact on the nature of products and services and processes which produce them. The volume and variety of an operation’s activities are particularly influential in determining the way it thinks about its performance objectives. The figure below illustrates how the definitions of quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost are influenced by the volume-variety position of the operation. [pic] Quality Quality in a low volume-high variety process such as an architects’ practice, for example, is largely concerned with the final aesthetic appearance of the building and the appropriateness of its detailed design. In an exceptionally high volume-low variety process, such as an electricity supply company, quality is exclusively concerned with error-free service – electricity must be constantly available in the correct form (in terms of voltage, frequency, etc. . The meaning of quality has shifted from being concerned primarily with the performance and specification of the product or service towards conformity to a predefined standard, as we move from low volume-high variety operations through to high volume-low variety operations. Speed Speed for the architects’ practice means negotiatin g a completion date with each client, based on the client’s needs and the architects’ estimates of how much work is involved in each project. Speed is taken to its extreme in the electricity utility where speed means literally instant delivery. No electricity company could ask its customers to wait for their ‘delivery’ of electricity. Speed therefore means an individually negotiated delivery time in low volume-high variety operations, but moves towards meaning ‘instant’ delivery in some high volume-low variety operations. Dependability Dependability in processes such as the architects’ practice means keeping to each individually negotiated delivery date. In continuous operations, dependability often means the availability of the service itself. A dependable electricity supply is one which is always there. So dependability has moved from meaning ‘on-time delivery’ in low volume-high variety operations to ‘availability’ in high volume-low variety operations. Flexibility Flexibility in low volume-high variety processes such as the architects’ practice means the ability to design many different kinds of buildings according to its clients’ various requirements. With the electricity company’s process, the need for product flexibility has disappeared entirely (electricity is electricity, more or less) but the ability to meet almost instantaneous demand changes through volume flexibility is vital if the company is to maintain supply. Flexibility has moved from meaning product flexibility in low volume-high variety operations to volume flexibility in high volume-low variety operations. Cost Cost, in terms of the unit cost per product or service, varies with both the volume of output of the operation and the variety of products or services it produces. The variety of products or services in low-volume operations is relatively high, which means that running the operation will be expensive because of the flexible and high skill levels employed. Further, because the volume of output is relatively low, a few products or services are bearing the operation’s high cost base. Also, and more significantly for the operation, the cost of each product or service is different. At the other end of the scale, high-volume operations usually produce similar products or services, output is high, so that whatever the base cost of the operation, it is shared among a high number of products or services. Cost per unit of output is therefore usually low for operations such as the electricity utility but, more significantly, the cost of producing one second of electricity is the same as the next second. Cost is relatively constant. Copyright  © 1995-2010, Pearson Education, Inc. Legal and Privacy Terms | [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] LINE. When product demand is high enough, the appropriate process is the assembly line. Often, this process (along with continuous; both are in the lower-right quadrant of the matrix) is referred to as mass production. Laborers generally perform the same operations for each production run in a standard and hopefully uninterrupted flow. The assem bly line treats all outputs as basically the same. Firms characterized by this process are generally heavily automated, utilizing special-purpose equipment. Frequently, some form of conveyor system connects the various pieces of equipment used. There is usually a fixed set of inputs and outputs, constant throughput time, and a relatively continuous flow of work. Because the product is standardized, the process can be also, following the same path from one operation to the next. Routing, scheduling, and control are facilitated since each individual unit of output does not have to be monitored and controlled. This also means that the manager’s span of control can increase and less skilled workers can be utilized. The product created by the assembly-line process is discrete; that is, it can be visually counted (as opposed to continuous processes which produce a product that is not naturally divisible). Almost everyone can think of an example of assembly-line manufacturing (automobile manufacturing is probably the most obvious). Examples of assembly lines in services are car washes, class registration in universities, and many fast food operations. Because the work-in-process equipment is organized and sequenced according to the steps involved to produce the product and is frequently connected by some sort of conveyor system, it is characterized as flowing in a line. Even though it may not be a straight line (some firms utilize a U-shaped assembly line) we say that it has a connected line flow. Also, firms in the lower-right quadrant (line and continuous) are classified as having a product layout. Continuous manufacturing involves lot-less production wherein the product flows continuously rather than being divided. A basic material is passed through successive operations (i. e. refining or processing) and eventually emerges as one or more products. This process is used to produce highly standardized outputs in extremely large volumes. You read "Volume Variety Matrix" in category "Papers" The product range is usually so narrow and highly standardized that it can be characterized as a commodity. Considerable capital investment is required, so demand for continuous process products must be extremely high. Starting and stopping the process can be prohibitively expensive. As a result, the processes usually run 24 hours a day with minimum downtime (hence, continuous flow). This also allows the firm to spread their enormous fixed cost over as large a base as possible. The routing of the process is typically fixed. As the material is processed it usually is transferred automatically from one part of the process to the next, frequently with self-monitoring and adjusting. Labor requirements are low and usually involve only monitoring and maintaining the machinery. Typical examples of industries utilizing the continuous process include gas, chemicals, electricity, ores, rubber, petroleum, cement, paper, and wood. Food manufacture is also a heavy user of continuous processing; especially water, milk, wheat, flour, sugar and spirits. Read more: Product-Process Matrix – strategy, organization, system, examples, manager, company, business, competitiveness, system http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Product-Process-Matrix. html#ixzz24d4V1uTD [pic] [pic] USING THE MATRIX The product-process matrix can facilitate the understanding of the strategic options available to a company, particularly with regard to its manufacturing function. A firm may be characterized as occupying a particular region in the matrix, determined by the stages of the product life cycle and its choice of production process(es) for each individual product. By incorporating this dimension into its strategic planning process, the firm encourages more creative thinking about organizational competence and competitive advantage. Also, use of the matrix provides a natural way to involve manufacturing managers in the planning process so they can relate their opportunities and decisions more effectively with those of marketing and of the corporation itself, all the while leading to more informed predictions about changes in industry and the firm’s appropriate strategic responses. Each process choice on the matrix has a unique set of characteristics. Those in the upper-left quadrant of the matrix (job shop and batch) share a number of characteristics, as do those in the lower-right quadrant (assembly line and continuous). Upper-left firms employ highly skilled craftsmen (machinists, printers, tool and die makers, musical instrument craftsmen) and professionals (lawyers, doctors, CPAs, consultants). Hence upper-left firms can be characterized as labor intensive. Since upper-left firms tend to utilize general-purpose equipment, are seldom at 100 percent capacity, and employ workers with a wide range of skills, they can be very flexible. However, there is a difficult trade-off between efficiency and flexibility of operations. Most job shops tend to emphasize flexibility over efficiency. Since efficiency is not a strong point of upper-left firms, neither is low-cost production. Also, the low volume of production does not allow upper-left firms to spread their fixed costs over a wide enough base to provide for reduced costs. Finally, upper-left firms are also more likely to serve local markets. Lower-right firms require production facilities that are highly specialized, capital intensive, and interrelated (therefore, inflexible). Labor requirements are generally unskilled or semi-skilled at most. Much of the labor requirement deals with merely monitoring and maintaining equipment. Lower-right firms are also more likely to serve national markets and can be vertically integrated. Hayes and Wheelwright relate three areas affected by the use of the product-process matrix: distinctive competence, management, and organization. DISTINCTIVE COMPETENCE. Distinctive competence is defined as the resources, skills, and organizational characteristics that give a firm a comparative advantage over its competitors. Simply put, a distinctive competence is the characteristic of a given product that causes the buyer to purchase it rather than the similar product of a competitor. It is generally accepted that the distinctive competencies are cost/price, quality, flexibility and service/time. By using the product-process matrix as a framework, a firm can be more precise about its distinctive competence and can concentrate its attention on a restricted set of process decisions and alternatives and a restricted set of marketing alternatives. In our discussion, we have seen that the broad range of worker skills and the employment of general-purpose equipment give upper-left firms a large degree of flexibility while the highly specialized, high-volume environment of lower-right firms yields very little in the way of flexibility. Therefore, flexibility would be a highly appropriate distinctive competence for an upper-left firm. This is especially true when dealing with the need for flexibility of the product/service produced. Lower-right firms find it very difficult to sidetrack a high-volume operation because of an engineering change in the product. An entire line would have to be shut down while tooling or machinery is altered and large volumes of possibly obsolete work-in-process are accounted for. Upper-left firms, however, would have none of these problems with which to contend. It must be noted though that lower-right firms may possess an advantage regarding flexibility of volume. Quality may be defined a number ways. If we define quality as reliability, then lower-right firms could claim this as a distinctive competence. Lower-right firms would have the high volume necessary to quickly find and eliminate ugs in their product, yielding more reliability to the end user. However, if we define quality as quality of design (that is, â€Å"bells and whistles†Ã¢â‚¬â€things that embody status, such as leather seats in an automobile or a handcrafted musical instrument), then quality would be seen as a possible distinctive competence of upper-right firms. Service may also be defined in more ways than one. If one defines serv ice as face-to-face interaction and personal attention, then upper-left firms could claim service as a distinctive competence. If service is defined as the ability to provide the product in a very short period of time (e. . , overnight), then service as a distinctive competence would belong to lower-right firms. Finally, remember that high volume, economies of scale, and low cost are characteristics of firms in the lower-right quadrant of the matrix. Upper-left firms produce low volumes (sometimes only one) and cannot take advantage of economies of scale. (Imagine, for instance, what you would have to pay for a handcrafted musical instrument. ) Therefore, it is obvious that price or cost competitiveness is within the domain of lower-right firms. MANAGEMENT. In general, the economics of production processes favor positions along the diagonal of the product-process matrix. That is, firms operating on or close to the diagonal are expected to outperform firms choosing extreme off-diagonal positions. Hayes and Wheelwright provide the example of a firm positioned in the upper-right corner of the matrix. This would appear to be a commodity produced by a job shop, an option that is economically unfeasible. A firm positioned in the lower-left corner would represent a unique one-time product produced by a continuous process, again not a feasible option. Both examples are too far off the diagonal. Firms that find themselves too far off the diagonal invite trouble by impairing their ability to compete effectively. While firms operating in the near vicinity, but not exactly on the diagonal, can be niche players, positions farther away from the diagonal are difficult to justify. Rolls Royce makes automobiles in a job shop environment but they understand the implications involved. Companies off the diagonal must be aware of traps it can fall into and implications presented by their position. Also, a firm’s choice of roduct-process position places them to the right or left of competitors along the horizontal dimension of the matrix and above or below its competitors along the vertical dimension of the matrix. The strategic implications are obvious. Of course, a firm’s position on the matrix may change over time, so the firm must be aware of the implications and maintain the capability to deal with them appropriately. The mat rix can provide powerful insights into the consequences of any planned product or process change. Use of the product-process matrix can also help a firm define its product. Hayes and Wheelwright relate the example of a specialized manufacturer of printed circuit boards who produced a low-volume, customized product using a highly connected assembly-line process. Obviously, this would place them in the lower-left corner of the matrix; not a desirable place to be. This knowledge forced the company to realize that what they were offering was not really circuit boards after all, but design capability. So, in essence, they were mass-producing designs rather than the boards themselves. Hence, they were not far off the diagonal at all. ORGANIZATION. Firms organize different operating units so that they can specialize on separate portions of the total manufacturing task while still maintaining overall coordination. Most firms will select two or more processes for the products or services they produce. For example, a firm may use a batch process to make components for products, which are constructed on assembly lines. This would be especially true if the work content for component production or the volume needed was not sufficient for the creation of a dedicated line process. Also, firms may need separate facilities for different products or parts, or they may simply separate their production within the same facility. It may even be that a firm can produce the similar products through two different process options. For example, Fender Musical Instruments not only mass produces electric guitars (assembly line) but also offers customized versions of the same product through the Fender Custom Shop (job shop). Again, the matrix provides a valuable framework for diagnostic use in these situations. OTHER USES OF THE PRODUCT-PROCESS MATRIX Additional uses of the matrix include: †¢ Analyzing the product entry and exit. †¢ Determining the appropriate mix of manufacturing facilities, identifying the key manufacturing objectives for each plant, and monitoring progress on those objectives at the corporate level. †¢ Reviewing investment decisions for plants and equipment in terms of their consistency with product and process plans. †¢ Determining the direction and timing of major changes in a company’s production processes. Evaluating product and market opportunities in light of the company’s manufacturing capabilities. †¢ Selecting an appropriate process and product structure for entry into a new market. It should be noted that recent empirical research by Sohel Ahmad and Roger G. Schroeder found the proposed relationship between product structure and process structure to be significant but not strong. In general terms, they found that as the pr oduct life cycle changes the process life cycle also shifts in the consistent direction, but not necessarily along the diagonal. Some 60 percent of the firms studied did not fall on the diagonal. The researchers propose that this occurred because new management and technological initiatives have eliminated or minimized some of the inherent trade-offs found on the Product-Process Matrix. They classify these initiatives as processing technology, product design and managerial practice (e. g. , TQM and JIT). Therefore, Ahmad and Schroeder recommend that the matrix be conceptualized as having three axes instead of two. They propose an x-axis (product life cycle stages), a y-axis (process life cycle stages), and a z-axis that represents an organization’s proactive effort towards adopting and implementing these innovative initiatives. As a firm moves away from the origin along the z-axis, it becomes able to minimize some of the trade-offs seen in the Product-Process Matrix framework. Read more: Product-Process Matrix – strategy, organization, system, examples, manager, company, business, competitiveness, system http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Product-Process-Matrix. h tml#ixzz24d4lyOQ5 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] How to cite Volume Variety Matrix, Papers

Humanitarian Intervention free essay sample

The issue of humanitarian intervention has become increasingly prominent in worldwide debates regarding its role in ethics and legitimacy in international relations. Uncertainty arises as to whether there are any moral obligation for humanitarian intervention and the concerning justifications of the violation of state sovereignty. In viewing the matter ethically and applying Immanuel Kant’s principle of cosmopolitan law from his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, humanitarian intervention can be established as a conflict between a cosmopolitan responsibility, which is to protect and promote human rights because of their universality, and an obligation to respect state sovereignty as a crucial basis for moral and political international order. Inevitably, fulfilling one set of responsibilities can involve the violation of the other in situations for example where governments are actively abusing the fundamental rights of their own citizens. Many Third World leaders consider the concept of humanitarian intervention to be potentially destabilizing for the international system, and view it as an excuse for more powerful nations to undermine and threaten their state sovereignty. By using the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a reference point, this essay will investigate the relationships between states when dealing with human rights standards and cultural differences. In examining the doctrine of ‘the responsibility to protect’, this essay will justify humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement of international order by focusing on the idea that the broader community of states must assume the responsibility of intervention when individual sovereign states are unwilling or unable to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe. Using ethnographic examples, fundamental political theories will be examined thoroughly as I deem Third World suspicion illegitimate and focus on intervention as a responsibility of all international actors. There is no one standard or legal definition for humanitarian intervention, however the countless different interpretations and justifications all comprise of the same basic feature. This feature involves, one state (generally from the West), in response to situations where humanitarian  objectives are under threat, interfering in the internal affairs of a sovereign state (generally in the Third World), through the employment of threats and use of military force. The Third World, a term applied to all developing postcolonial states, have socio-economic and political attributes, which make them particularly vulnerable to internal conflict and external interference. According to Mohammad Ayoob (2004), these vulnerabilities over time have â€Å"greatly influenced [Third World] at titudes towards humanitarian intervention and international administration†. When it comes to humanitarian intervention, many Third World leaders are suspicious of the ‘West’ and their influence within international administration. Their suspicions stem from their fear of losing their state sovereignty, as the West manipulates the international system to gain power and geographic proximity, spread disorder, maintain certain state relationships, and promote their ethnic and religious ideals. However by using the United Nation’s (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a reference point, it is clear these humanitarian objectives are not shaped by states strategic interests, but are by and large in response to trying to end violations of human rights as defined in the UN declaration. With the UN leading the charge for human rights at the universal level all around the world, it is the only multilateral governmental agency with universally accepted international jurisdiction for universal human rights legislation. However, the UN’s Universal Declaration is still often viewed as a form of Western imperialism and its concepts seen as narrow, restricting and irrelevant to any non-westernized country. This has created major issues when organizations such as the UN and many Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) try to assist in countries with major welfare issues, mainly throughout the Third World, when they are not welcomed nor wanted by the local governments. This issue of states interfering with the internal affairs of others goes against Kant’s Cosmopolitan Law. Within Kant’s essay Perpetual Peace (1795), it states within the fifth Preliminary Article â€Å"No state shall forcibly interfere in the constitution and government of another state†. It is explained that each state has a constitution, which is a political legal system for establishing right, which is of great moral importance. In effect, the state’s constitution is the choice of the community living under the state’s laws to recognize and respect one another’s humanity. For one state to intervene in another’s constitution is therefore a denial of a people’s humanity, and legitimizes Third World apprehension. Highlighting that humanitarian intervention is not always welcomed and is often viewed with suspicion is my analysis of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a frequent human rights offender, with widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations. According to the Red Cross (2010), the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, freedom of movement and residence, freedom of assembly and protection by law. The human rights that are breached there on a regular basis are somewhat out of the complete control of the UN, with Zimbabwean minister for Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, Patrick Chinamasa, lashing out at â€Å"developed countries† at the inaugural session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva in 2006. He accused the UN of funding local NGO’s with the goal of â€Å"undermining [Zimbabwe’s] sovereignty, creating and sustaining local opposition groups that have no local support base, and promoting disaffection and hostility among the local population against their popularly elected government†. In a country with constant political turmoil and civil unrest, it appears the Zimbabwean Government will not accept assistance nor will they accept any responsibility for the violations against their own citizens. The European Union and the United States have both strongly condemned the actions of the Zimbabwean Government and their police on a number of occasions but remain powerless in regards to reprimand. The Zimbabwean government however responds to these accusations from Western countries with counter-accusations of colonial attitudes and hypocrisy. By claiming that countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States are guilty of similar or even worse human rights violations, and by giving examples such as the Iraq War, the Zimbabwean Government easily justify their actions, which then promptly silences any opposition from Western organizations. According to William Easterly in his book The White Mans Burden (2006), humanitarian intervention is ultimately just modern recreations of the infamous colonial arrogance of the past. Easterly sums up his argument within his book’s long title; â€Å"the Wests efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good†. Intervention assumes that the target state’s constitution is inferior to the intervener’s, which can be distinguished further using the post-colonial discourse of â€Å"othering. Such intervention is generally seen between developed Western powers and developing Eastern Third World nations. Edward Said brought the term of colonial â€Å"othering† to attention in his 1978 book, Orientalism, where he describes â€Å"the essence of Orientalism [as] the ineradicable distinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority†. This is exactly the issue Zimbabwean minister Patrick Chinamasa (2006) was contending. The right of humanitarian intervention has been one of the most controversial foreign policy issues of the last decade, both when intervention has happened, as in Kosovo, and when it has failed to happen, as in Rwanda. Examining the Zimbabwe case for non-intervention, it is evident that the Zimbabwean government wanted nothing to do with the UN and anyone affiliated with them due to their Western influence and ideals. However, in September 2005, at a United Nations Summit, Secretary General Kofi Annan released a report entitled In Larger Freedom. It proposed a bold agenda of â€Å"highest priorities â€Å"for the Summit. It urged Heads of State and Government to â€Å"embrace the responsibility to protect as a basis for collective action against genocide, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity†. With both the Third World and the ‘West’ easily able to justify their interests for and against humanitarian intervention, it is hard to determine the best approach to stabilizing and maintaining order within the international system. Kant’s version of international law (1795) determines states individuality by the contract made among its citizens and government. However, the principle of state sovereignty, derived from the belief that non-intervention in the internal affairs of states is the best policy to promote and maintain international peace, neglects the rights of the citizens of the state. Kant writes in his book, The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), â€Å"A state is a union of a number of people under laws of right†. The idea that a state would commit  or allow genocide or would otherwise deny its population their basic moral rights and humanity is not only unimaginable but in theory impossible. In such situation the non-intervention principles would not apply, as it is irrelevant when there is no longer an effective contract to constitute a state as a moral person. This would deem outside states free to assist, and to use force if necessary. Terry Nardin (2005) makes a valid argument in stat ing â€Å"if intervention is acceptable in civil wars because the state’s moral character has been dissolved, the same acceptability would apply to instances like genocide†. However, Simon Chesterman, author of Just War or Just Peace (2003) puts it differently and quite simply states â€Å"Humanitarian Intervention, Inhumanitarian Non-intervention†. In this particular chapter he plays out the 1999 humanitarian war in East Timor and makes comparisons to relevant international action similar to the war in Kosovo. Chester man’s analysis of â€Å"whether doing something is necessarily better than doing nothing† creates an ends-versus-means scenario. The debate of the right of unilateral humanitarian intervention then stems from what Chesterman determines as â€Å"the question of whether sovereignty or human rights is paramount in international law†. Kant, along with Nardin, Chesterman and the ICISS, can all be associated with the notion that non-intervention and humanitarian intervention are in fact both justified by the very same principle of humanity. â€Å"There are moral reasons why a state must be recognized as having rights, in particular the right that outsiders respect its independence and boundaries†. But the same principles that justify the non-intervention principle justify exceptions to that principle. If a government seriously violates the moral rights of those it governs, others may defend those rights, using force if necessary. Nardin (2005) asserts, â€Å"The non-intervention principle is not a safeguard behind which an unjust state can hide while it violates the moral rights of its subjects. † Such violations, if serious enough, permit forcible intervention and may even demand it. This statement renders Third World suspicions of humanitarian intervention illegitimate in comparison to the humanitarian rights of the citizens of these Third World nations. In this essay, after defining humanitarian intervention and establishing Third World suspicions as being the West’s manipulation for power, I have justified the need for intervention through the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948). The need for an international ‘responsibility to protect’. Through a brief overview of standardized political theory, I justified humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement for humanity. However, although the interest for a state to intervene must be weighed up against the outcomes of the intervention and no personal agendas from outside states can influence such interactions. In concluding the responsibility to protect encompasses the idea that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, the broader community of states must assume that responsibility as fellow citizens of the international community.

Actor

Discussion Actor-network theory is associated with the works of Bruno Latour, John Law and Michael Callon. The individuals were Science and Technology Studies scholars. It is a unique approach to the social research and theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Actor-Network Theory and the Theory of the Social Construction of Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The origin of the actor-network theory can be traced from the science studies. This approach is distinguished from other approaches for involving agency of non-humans in the network (Prinsloo and Baynham, 2008, p. 152). This theory relates the materials relations as well as the relations between concepts. It assumes that in most of the relations we encounter in day to day life are semiotic and material. For instance, interactions in school involve students, their teachers as well as the equipments like desks, chairs and other forms of technology. Tea chers and students interact with the help. The combination of all these elements forms a network. The actor-network theory tends to explain how both material and semiotic concepts comes together to act as one. For instance, the school is an entity composed of students, teachers and the equipments necessary. However, these combine and act as one network. They all interact to make a functional institution. On the other hand, the proponents of the theory of the social construction of technology argues that new technological developments takes place through negotiation and struggle over the meanings and material shapes involving the social actors (Barkardjieva, 2005, p.10). This theory emanates from the field of science and technology studies. According to this theory, human actions are not directed by technology; instead, it is the human beings who shape the technology (Anonymous, 2009, par 1). The proponents of this theory argue that it is difficult to understand technology without fi rst understanding how the technology is related in its social context. This theory provides the procedure through which the cause of technological success or failure can be assessed. This is made possible by provision of a form of methodology through which this can be verified.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Differences between Actor-Network Theory and the theory of the Social Construction of Technology One of the main differences between the actor network theory and the Social Construction of Technology theory is that the former involves objects and organizations in the framework while the latter does not. For instance, when buying a cloth in a shop, the actor-network in this process includes the person who is purchasing the cloth, the cashier, the cash used in buying, cash register as well as the produce involved. On the other hand, the theory of social construction of techno logy recognizes the importance of human actions in shaping technology. It opposes the idea that technology can shape human actions in any particular way. This is unlike the actor-network theory which does not recognize objects and organizations. Another difference between these theories is that the actor-network theory is diverse. This is unlike the theory of social construction of technology which overemphasizes on the human influence on technology choice. The social network theory originated from the area of science studies while the social construction of technology is more inclined to the science and technology studies. Although the two methods are related, they differ from their emergence. This is the reason why they differ in various aspects. SCOT has given a clear elaboration of the reasons why a certain technology may be accepted or rejected in the society. On the other hand, the actor-network theory does not give such an explanation. It considered every component in the net work as equally important. In fact, this is one of the weaknesses of this method. The actor-network theory makes an assumption that many relations are material and semiotic. For instance, the interaction between different people in a social institution as well as the equipments (technology) applied. On the other hand, the SCOT just identifies the influence of the human in shaping the technology. It does not recognize non human aspects. Actor-Network Theory Strengths of Actor-Network Theory This method has a number of strengths which contributes to its success. One of the main strengths of the actor-network theory is that it gives a logical explanation of how effects are produced (Jones and Graham, 2003 p. 20).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Actor-Network Theory and the Theory of the Social Construction of Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This theory goes even further to show the connection between ef fects with other different interests. By giving a logical procedure, it implies that this theory is verifiable. An experiment can be conducted to verify propositions. Another achievement of the action-network theory is that the ties and the nodes imagery which is applied in the concept used in this theory helps in clarification. This is through the connection between these nodes as well as their connections. Weaknesses of Actor-Network Theory One of the main weaknesses of this theory lies on its inability to make a distinction between human beings and other objects. Many people views human beings as a unique creature that is very different from other animals and objects. By failing to draw a line between the human beings and other things, this theory contradicts a significant number of ideologies hence losing its effectiveness. Another weakness of the actor-network theory is that it is a very difficult task to identify all the heterogeneous elements in an actor-network. The social n etwork theory proposes that every actor in the network (either an object or a person) is equally important in the network. None of these components can be said to be more important than the other. This assumption is very critical as it compares human beings with objects. This theory has also been criticized for its uniqueness of assigning agency to actors who are not human beings. It recognizes the presence of non-human objects in the network. There is a need to draw a line between human beings and other objects. For instance, it argues that the tables, students, and teachers are equally important in the network. This theory has also been criticized for not taking into account the elements outside the realm of nodes and relations. In other words, it does not provide any space outside this framework. It does not allow anything to be outside the relations which are defined in the network. This theory has also been criticized on the point that it involves descriptions which are not use ful since they make point. Another weakness of this theory is based on its assumption that all the actors are equal in the network. This assumption does not recognize the possibility of power imbalances in the network. Most people have been arguing that people does not have the same moral status with machines or organizations and therefore should be differentiated from them.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Actor-network theory is also criticized for its value-neutral stand. The method has for long been challenged for not paying attention on the political and social context. By so doing, this theory undermines the efforts of having an effective political and social critique (Jones and Graham, 2003 p. 8). Hence, this theory provides an analysis which contrasts the major ideologies like the government, patriarchy or the government. Therefore, there is a need for improvement on this theory in order to avoid such limitations. Social Construction of Technology Strengths of the theory of the Social Construction of Technology One of the strengths of this theory is that it recognizes the importance of human actions in shaping the technology. This is unlike in the actor-network theory where human superiority is ignored. This aspect has significantly contributed in the effectiveness of this theory. This is because human activities have played an important role in shaping their environment. Anoth er advantage of SCOT is that it can be a methodology. In other words, it gives the principles and steps to follow in case someone wants to find out the causes of successes or failures of a particular technology. Weaknesses of the theory of the Social Construction of Technology Despite of these strengths associated with the social construction, it suffers some limitations. One of the main weaknesses of this method is that it overemphasizes on social impact on technology hence ignoring the significance of the physical world. It is necessary to recognize the fact that the physical world constraints our actions in one way or another. This theory has not made any attempt to explain such influence. This theory assumes that the human beings shapes the technology and notes the fact that technology can never shape the human beings. This theory gives a clear explanation of how technologies come up. However, this method fails to identify the consequences of the technology after the fact. There fore, this theory does not explain how such technological developments fit in the broader social context. Thus, there is a need to improve on this theory by considering the consequences of new developments in technology. This theory fails to recognize the groups which do not take part in construction of technology process. However, these people are significantly affected by these developments. The theory recognizes only the groups which play a role in constructing technology. Such ignorance has undermined the effectiveness of this theory. Another shortcoming of the social construction theory is that it is viewed as a form of social determinism. It pays more attention to the social factors hence ignoring other important factors which may also have a significant impact on the technological development. This theory does not take any stand and it does not propose any judgment on the importance of different interpretations of technology. By failing to take any such stance, this theory pr oves impotent in solving important controversies on the role of technology in human activities. Finally, this theory is also criticized on the basis that it fails to analyze deeply on the factors which influences technological choice. For instance, this theory only focuses on the influence of interests, immediate needs and problems on technological choice. It fails to recognize the impact of economic, cultural, or intellectual choices regarding technology. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion has clearly brought other differences between the actor-network theory and the social construction of the technology. This discussion has revealed that the main differences between these two theories are based on the fact that the actor-network theory fails to draw a difference between the human beings and other objects. It treats all the elements in the network as equal. That is, none of the members in the network is more important than the other. This is also a primary weakness of this m ethod. These differences determine the effectiveness of each. The actor-network theory is criticized for failing to draw a distinction between the human beings and other elements in the network. On the other hand, the theory of social construction of technology has been criticized for overemphasizing the role of human beings in shaping technology hence ignoring the importance of the other elements in shaping technology. Reference List Anonymous. (2009). Social Construction of Technology (SCOT). Web. Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet Society: The Internet in Everyday Life. London: SAGE. Jones, B. and Graham, J. (2003). Actor-Network Theory: A Tool to Support Ethical Analysis of Commercial Genetic Testing. Web. Prinsloo, M. Baynham, M. (2008). Literalises, Global And Local. Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. This essay on Actor-Network Theory and the Theory of the Social Construction of Technology was written and submitted by user Kenny Hartman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Just Another Paper Essay Example

Just Another Paper Essay Example Just Another Paper Essay Just Another Paper Essay Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJA/394 Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Copyright  © 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course examines both the principle issues in contemporary criminal justice as well as the extrapolation of such issues toward possible futures within the criminal justice field. Students will focus upon relevant research in policing, courts, and corrections that reflect key elements of current conditions and what may be expected in the years to come. Students will apply critical review and engage in in-depth discussion of these concepts as a basis for comprehensive understanding at local, state, national, and global levels of criminal justice administration. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Muraskin, R. , Roberts. A. R. (2009). Visions for change: Crime and justice in the twenty-first century (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Victor, J. L. Naughton, J. (2010). Annual editions: Criminal justice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Walker, S. , Katz, C. M. (2008). The police in America: An introduction (6th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Waller, B. N. (2009). You decide! Current debates in criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Criminal Justice System Assessment DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. 1. 2Assess the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. 1. 3Examine contemporary issues currently facing the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4Identify recent and future trends and issues affecting the criminal justice system. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 of Visions for Change. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 3 of Justice Blind? Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday0. 5 0. 5 Individual AutobiographyIntroduce yourself to the class with a summary of your background. Submit the bio to the Ch at Room forum and comment on other student’s bios in an effort to get to know everyone better. Tuesday by 11:59 PM MST4. 0 Individual Criminal Justice Trends EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. In your assessment, be sure to evaluate and identify and assess the following: Recent and future trends and contemporary issues affecting the criminal justice system Value of the criminal justice system in a changing society Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Week Two: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Policing: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing. 2. 2Analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing. 2. 3Examine perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. 2. 4Identify possible future changes in laws and the impact on the field of policing. ReadingsRead Ch. 2-4, 15 of The Police in America. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 1 2 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Policing Functions PaperWrite a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you examine the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. Be sure to identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Team Charter Collaborate with all team members and come to consensus regarding the contents of your learning team charter. Submit the final Team Charter to one team member’s Assignments section. Wednesday by 11:59 PM MST1 Learning Team Policing Development and Operation Trends PaperWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing within policing organizations. In your analysis, be sure to evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing and how these evolutions impact various policing organizations (local, state, federal). Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST8 Week Three: Past, Present, and Future Trends of the Courts: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. 3. 2Articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. 3. 3Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. 3. 4Appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities. . 5Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Ch. 7 of Justice Blind? Read Article 13 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 3, 8, 17 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussi on by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Court Issues AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word analysis in which you identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. In your analysis be sure to discuss the following areas: Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST10 Learning Team Court Management Executive SummaryWrite a 350-700-word executive summary in which you articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. Additionally, appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities as part of court management efforts and responsibilities. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Four: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Corrections: Institutional and Corrections Systems DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Identify the current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. 4. 2Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. 4. 3Analyze the role/issue of various correctional models, approaches and systems as a developing trend. 4. 4Analyze Legislative and correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. 4. Hypothesize future correctional problems including potential solutions. ReadingsRead Ch. 16 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Article 31 32 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 13 15 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantiv e responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Corrections Trend EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you conduct research and evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. As part of your evaluation, identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today and the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Learning Team Futures of Corrections PaperWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you analyze future correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. In your analysis be sure to hypothesize future correctional problems that will need to be addressed by prison administrators. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Five: Major Global Crimes and Criminal Issues in Criminal Justice DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on justice systems and processes. 5. Compare and contrast international criminal justice systems. 5. 3Analyze the impact of cyber crime on worldwide justice systems. ReadingsRead Ch. 5, 15, 32 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Debate 18 19 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Global Crimes AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes. Be sure to compare and contrast the various international criminal justice systems and how these major global crimes and criminal issues addressed. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Article AnalysisWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you research a recent article focusing on cyber-crime. In your analysis, be sure to analyze the impact that cyber crime has on worldwide justice systems and the processes which combat global crime. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Individual Discussion Questions Week One What is the relationship between the criminal justice system and society? How do past, current, and future trends impact the development of community relations for criminal justice organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the interface between society and the criminal justice system? Give an example of a contemporary issue currently facing the criminal justice system. How does this issue impact the criminal justice system? What would happen if this issue was magnified (or decreased)? What would the implications be for the various personnel in the criminal justice system? Explain. Week Two What are the various developmental and operational trends impacting policing? How do past, current, and future trends impac t the development and operations of policing organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the overall development and operations of the policing field? What are the various organizational police functions (local, state, federal)? How do the various functional levels of policing differ from one another? What distinctions can be made about each? Is there a better solution to the way the current system(s) operate at each level? Explain. Week Three Give an example of a current/future issue facing courts and court administrators today. How does this issue impact the overall operations of the court system within the criminal justice system? How can we solve this issue to improve the court system and improve overall court administration? Explain What are the laws reflecting victim rights? How do the past, present, and future victim rights laws impact court proceedings? What would happen if victim rights laws did not exist? Explain. Week Four What is the role of alternate corrections systems? How do alternate corrections systems impact the criminal justice system as a developing trend regarding management, administration, etc.? Is there a better solution to alternative corrections systems? Explain. What are potential future problems for correctional systems? Which events have led to the development of these issues (past and present)? How can we solve and accurately plan to correct these future issues? Explain. Week Five Give an example of major global crimes. How do these crimes and other criminal issues impact global criminal justice systems? How can we improve the overall effectiveness of strategies employed to combat these global crimes and criminal issues? Explain. Give an example of an international justice system. How do the various international justice systems cooperate and coordinate in combating global crime? What would happen if the communication among these international justice systems broke down, or was non-existent? Explain.

Critique of Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique of Violence - Essay Example Notably, abolishing states would not be an end to violence in the world as human beings would turn against one another. However, there is need for strict control of power possessed by states to ensure that incidences of violence are minimized and the public are at a less vulnerable point. The members of public should work together to limit government power in order to reduce cases of violence within states. State violence is a scenario that emerged as soon as the state was formed. The theories of state formation indicate that states originated from the intention of human beings to surrender power to a central body that would protect people from one another. In nature, human beings are aggressive and would do anything to acquire wealth and other material things. It is this aggressive nature of human beings that brings the urge to kill as each of them pursues their interests. Therefore, human beings had to surrender this ill power to the state so that the state would control their aggression. Consequently, the state uses this power to exercise violence within the public. As Weber (11-40) notes, the state is a relation of men dominating men by means of legitimate violence. The implication is that the state government uses the power accorded by the public to control them and to exercise violence within the boundaries. Since the state is unquestionable and is responsible for the formation o f laws, they possess the power to exercise violence with no questions from the public. Therefore, the public are submissive to the power of the government, and this puts them at a vulnerable position. The state uses violence to pursue their selfish goals and to control the rebellion of the members of public. Mbembe (12) points out that the government possesses the power to decide who dies and who lives. This implies that the sovereignty of the state is manifested in their ability to decide matters of life. While government can