Advanced Accounting

AcceptedAccountingPrinciples1. Accounting standard-setting environments 2. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 3. Introduction to intercorporate investments 4. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 5. Intercompany transactions 6. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 7. Foreign activities 8. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 9. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 10. Fund accounting 11. Accounting standard-setting environments 12. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 13. Introduction to intercorporate investments 14. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 5. Intercompany transactions 16. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 17. Foreign activities 18. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 19. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 20. Fund accounting 21. Accounting standard-setting environments 22. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 23. Intro duction to intercorporate investments 24. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 25. Intercompany transactions 26. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 27. Foreign activities 28. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 29.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 30. Fund accounting 31. Accounting standard-setting environments 32. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 33. Introduction to intercorporate investments 34. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 35. Intercompany transactions 36. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 37. Foreign activities 38. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 39. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 40. Fund accounting 41. Accounting standard-setting environments 42. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 3. Introduction to intercorporate investments 44. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 45. Intercompany transactions 46. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 47. Foreign activities 48. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 49. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 50. Fund accounting 51. Accounting standard-setting environments 52. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 53. Introduction to intercorporate investments 54. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 55. Intercompany transactions 56. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 7. Foreign activities 58. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 59. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 60. Fund accounting 61. Accounting standard-setting environments 62. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 63. Introduction to intercorporate investments 64. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 65. Intercompany transactions 66. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 67. Foreign activities 68. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 69. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 70. Fund accounting 71.Accounting standard-setting environments 72. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 73. Introduction to intercorporate investments 74. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 75. Intercompany transactions 76. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 77. Foreign activities 78. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 79. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 80. Fund accounting 81. Accounting standard-setting environments 82. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 83. Introduction to intercorporate investments 84. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 5. Intercompany transactions 86. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 87. Foreign activities 88. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 89. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 90. Fund accounting 91. Accounting standard-setting environment s 92. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 93. Introduction to intercorporate investments 94. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 95. Intercompany transactions 96. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 97. Foreign activities 98. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 99.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 100. Fund accounting 101. Accounting standard-setting environments 102. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 103. Introduction to intercorporate investments 104. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 105. Intercompany transactions 106. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 107. Foreign activities 108. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 109. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 110. Fund accounting 111. Accounting standard-setting environments 112. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 13. Introduction to intercorporate investments 114. Conso lidation subsequent to acquisition 115. Intercompany transactions 116. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 117. Foreign activities 118. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 119. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 120. Fund accounting 121. Accounting standard-setting environments 122. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 123. Introduction to intercorporate investments 124. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 125. Intercompany transactions 126. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 27. Foreign activities 128. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 129. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 130. Fund accounting 131. Accounting standard-setting environments 132. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 133. Introduction to intercorporate investments 134. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 135. Intercompany transactions 136. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 137. Foreign activities 138. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 139. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 140. Fund accounting 141.Accounting standard-setting environments 142. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 143. Introduction to intercorporate investments 144. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 145. Intercompany transactions 146. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 147. Foreign activities 148. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 149. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 150. Fund accounting 151. Accounting standard-setting environments 152. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 153. Introduction to intercorporate investments 154. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 55. Intercompany transactions 156. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 157. Foreign activities 158. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 159. F inancial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 160. Fund accounting 161. Accounting standard-setting environments 162. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 163. Introduction to intercorporate investments 164. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 165. Intercompany transactions 166. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 167. Foreign activities 168. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 169.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 170. Fund accounting 171. Accounting standard-setting environments 172. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 173. Introduction to intercorporate investments 174. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 175. Intercompany transactions 176. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 177. Foreign activities 178. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 179. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 180. Fund accounting 181. Accounting standar d-setting environments 182. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 83. Introduction to intercorporate investments 184. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 185. Intercompany transactions 186. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 187. Foreign activities 188. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 189. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 190. Fund accounting 191. Accounting standard-setting environments 192. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 193. Introduction to intercorporate investments 194. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 195. Intercompany transactions 196. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 97. Foreign activities 198. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 199. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 200. Fund accounting 201. Accounting standard-setting environments 202. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 203. Introduction to intercor porate investments 204. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 205. Intercompany transactions 206. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 207. Foreign activities 208. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 209. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 210. Fund accounting 211.Accounting standard-setting environments 212. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 213. Introduction to intercorporate investments 214. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 215. Intercompany transactions 216. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 217. Foreign activities 218. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 219. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 220. Fund accounting 221. Accounting standard-setting environments 222. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 223. Introduction to intercorporate investments 224. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 25. Intercompany transactions 226. Issue s in ownership interests and joint ventures 227. Foreign activities 228. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 229. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 230. Fund accounting 231. Accounting standard-setting environments 232. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 233. Introduction to intercorporate investments 234. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 235. Intercompany transactions 236. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 237. Foreign activities 238. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 239.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 240. Fund accounting 241. Accounting standard-setting environments 242. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 243. Introduction to intercorporate investments 244. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 245. Intercompany transactions 246. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 247. Foreign activities 248. Translation and consolidation o f foreign subsidiaries 249. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 250. Fund accounting 251. Accounting standard-setting environments 252. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 53. Introduction to intercorporate investments 254. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 255. Intercompany transactions 256. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 257. Foreign activities 258. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 259. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 260. Fund accounting 261. Accounting standard-setting environments 262. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 263. Introduction to intercorporate investments 264. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 265. Intercompany transactions 266. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 67. Foreign activities 268. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 269. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 270. Fund accoun ting 271. Accounting standard-setting environments 272. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 273. Introduction to intercorporate investments 274. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 275. Intercompany transactions 276. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 277. Foreign activities 278. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 279. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 280. Fund accounting 281.Accounting standard-setting environments 282. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 283. Introduction to intercorporate investments 284. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 285. Intercompany transactions 286. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 287. Foreign activities 288. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 289. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 290. Fund accounting 291. Accounting standard-setting environments 292. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 293. Introduction to intercorporate investments 294. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 95. Intercompany transactions 296. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 297. Foreign activities 298. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 299. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 300. Fund accounting 301. Accounting standard-setting environments 302. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 303. Introduction to intercorporate investments 304. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 305. Intercompany transactions 306. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 307. Foreign activities 308. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 309.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 310. Fund accounting 311. Accounting standard-setting environments 312. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 313. Introduction to intercorporate investments 314. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 315. Interco mpany transactions 316. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 317. Foreign activities 318. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 319. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 320. Fund accounting 321. Accounting standard-setting environments 322. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 23. Introduction to intercorporate investments 324. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 325. Intercompany transactions 326. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 327. Foreign activities 328. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 329. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 330. Fund accounting 331. Accounting standard-setting environments 332. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 333. Introduction to intercorporate investments 334. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 335. Intercompany transactions 336. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 37. Foreign activities 338. Tra nslation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 339. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 340. Fund accounting 341. Accounting standard-setting environments 342. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 343. Introduction to intercorporate investments 344. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 345. Intercompany transactions 346. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 347. Foreign activities 348. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 349. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 350. Fund accounting 351.Accounting standard-setting environments 352. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 353. Introduction to intercorporate investments 354. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 355. Intercompany transactions 356. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 357. Foreign activities 358. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 359. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and pu blic sectors 360. Fund accounting 361. Accounting standard-setting environments 362. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 363. Introduction to intercorporate investments 364. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 65. Intercompany transactions 366. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 367. Foreign activities 368. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 369. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 370. Fund accounting 371. Accounting standard-setting environments 372. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 373. Introduction to intercorporate investments 374. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 375. Intercompany transactions 376. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 377. Foreign activities 378. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 379.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 380. Fund accounting 381. Accounting standard-setting environments 382. Financial instrument s and income tax allocation 383. Introduction to intercorporate investments 384. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 385. Intercompany transactions 386. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 387. Foreign activities 388. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 389. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 390. Fund accounting 391. Accounting standard-setting environments 392. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 93. Introduction to intercorporate investments 394. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 395. Intercompany transactions 396. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures397. Foreign activities 398. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 399. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 400. Fund accounting 401. Accounting standard-setting environments 402. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 403. Introduction to intercorporate investments 404. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 405. Intercompany transactions 406. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 07. Foreign activities 408. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 409. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 410. Fund accounting 411. Accounting standard-setting environments 412. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 413. Introduction to intercorporate investments 414. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 415. Intercompany transactions 416. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 417. Foreign activities 418. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 419. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 420. Fund accounting 421.Accounting standard-setting environments 422. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 423. Introduction to intercorporate investments 424. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 425. Intercompany transactions 426. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 427. Foreign activities 428. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 429. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 430. Fund accounting 431. Accounting standard-setting environments 432. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 433. Introduction to intercorporate investments434. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 35. Intercompany transactions 436. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 437. Foreign activities 438. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 439. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 440. Fund accounting 441. Accounting standard-setting environments 442. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 443. Introduction to intercorporate investments 444. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 445. Intercompany transactions 446. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 447. Foreign activities 448. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 449.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 450. Fund accounting 451. Accounting standard-setting environments 452. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 453. Introduction to intercorporate investments 454. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 455. Intercompany transactions 456. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 457. Foreign activities 458. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 459. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 460. Fund accounting 461. Accounting standard-setting environments 462. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 63. Introduction to intercorporate investments 464. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 465. Intercompany transactions466. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 467. Foreign activities 468. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 469. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 470. Fund accounting 471. Accounting standard-setting environments 472. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 473. Introduction to intercorporate investments 474. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 475. Intercompany transactions 476. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 77. Foreign activities 478. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 479. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 480. Fund accounting 481. Accounting standard-setting environments 482. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 483. Introduction to intercorporate investments 484. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 485. Intercompany transactions 486. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 487. Foreign activities 488. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 489. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 490.Fund accounting 491. Accounting standard-setting environments 492. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 493. Introduction to intercorporate investments 494 . Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 495. Intercompany transactions 496. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 497. Foreign activities 498. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 499. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 500. Fund accounting 501. Accounting standard-setting environments 502. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 503. Introduction to intercorporate investments 04. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 505. Intercompany transactions 506. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 507. Foreign activities 508. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 509. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 510. Fund accounting511. Accounting standard-setting environments 512. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 513. Introduction to intercorporate investments 514. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 515. Intercompany transactions 516. Issues in ownership interes ts and joint ventures 517. Foreign activities 18. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 519. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 520. Fund accounting 521. Accounting standard-setting environments 522. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 523. Introduction to intercorporate investments 524. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 525. Intercompany transactions 526. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 527. Foreign activities 528. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 529. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 530. Fund accounting 531.Accounting standard-setting environments 532. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 533. Introduction to intercorporate investments 534. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 535. Intercompany transactions 536. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 537. Foreign activities 538. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 539. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 540. Fund accounting 541. Accounting standard-setting environments 542. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 543. Introduction to intercorporate investments 544. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 45. Intercompany transactions 546. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 547. Foreign activities 548. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 549. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 550. Fund accounting 551. Accounting standard-setting environments 552. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 553. Introduction to intercorporate investments 554. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 555. Intercompany transactions 556. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 557. Foreign activities 558. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 559.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 560. Fund accounting 561. Accounting st andard-setting environments 562. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 563. Introduction to intercorporate investments 564. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 565. Intercompany transactions 566. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 567. Foreign activities 568. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 569. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 570. Fund accounting 571. Accounting standard-setting environments 572. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 73. Introduction to intercorporate investments 574. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 575. Intercompany transactions 576. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 577. Foreign activities 578. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 579. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 580. Fund accounting 581. Accounting standard-setting environments 582. Financial instruments and income tax allocation583. Introduction to int ercorporate investments 584. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 585. Intercompany transactions 586. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 87. Foreign activities 588. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 589. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 590. Fund accounting 591. Accounting standard-setting environments 592. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 593. Introduction to intercorporate investments 594. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 595. Intercompany transactions 596. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 597. Foreign activities 598. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 599. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 600.Fund accounting 601. Accounting standard-setting environments 602. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 603. Introduction to intercorporate investments 604. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 605. Intercompany transactions 606. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 607. Foreign activities 608. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 609. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 610. Fund accounting 611. Accounting standard-setting environments 612. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 613. Introduction to intercorporate investments 14. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 615. Intercompany transactions 616. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 617. Foreign activities 618. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 619. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 620. Fund accounting621. Accounting standard-setting environments 622. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 623. Introduction to intercorporate investments 624. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 625. Intercompany transactions 626. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 627. Foreign activities 28. Translation and consolidatio n of foreign subsidiaries 629. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 630. Fund accounting 631. Accounting standard-setting environments 632. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 633. Introduction to intercorporate investments 634. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 635. Intercompany transactions 636. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 637. Foreign activities 638. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 639. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 640. Fund accounting 641.Accounting standard-setting environments 642. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 643. Introduction to intercorporate investments 644. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 645. Intercompany transactions 646. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 647. Foreign activities 648. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 649. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 650. Fund ac counting 651. Accounting standard-setting environments 652. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 653. Introduction to intercorporate investments654. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 55. Intercompany transactions 656. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 657. Foreign activities 658. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 659. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 660. Fund accounting 661. Accounting standard-setting environments 662. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 663. Introduction to intercorporate investments 664. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 665. Intercompany transactions 666. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 667. Foreign activities 668. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 669.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 670. Fund accounting 671. Accounting standard-setting environments 672. Financial instruments and income tax allocatio n 673. Introduction to intercorporate investments 674. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 675. Intercompany transactions 676. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures677. Foreign activities 678. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 679. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 680. Fund accounting 681. Accounting standard-setting environments 682. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 83. Introduction to intercorporate investments 684. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 685. Intercompany transactions 686. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 687. Foreign activities 688. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 689. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 690. Fund accounting 691. Accounting standard-setting environments 692. Financial instruments and income tax allocation693. Introduction to intercorporate investments 694. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 695. Interc ompany transactions 696. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 97. Foreign activities 698. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 699. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 700. Fund accounting 701. Accounting standard-setting environments 702. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 703. Introduction to intercorporate investments 704. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 705. Intercompany transactions 706. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 707. Foreign activities 708. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 709. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 710.Fund accounting 711. Accounting standard-setting environments 712. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 713. Introduction to intercorporate investments 714. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 715. Intercompany transactions 716. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 717. Foreign activities 718. Tr anslation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 719. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 720. Fund accounting 721. Accounting standard-setting environments 722. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 723. Introduction to intercorporate investments 24. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 725. Intercompany transactions 726. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures727. Foreign activities 728. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 729. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 730. Fund accounting 731. Accounting standard-setting environments 732. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 733. Introduction to intercorporate investments 734. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 735. Intercompany transactions 736. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 737. Foreign activities 38. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 739. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and pub lic sectors 740. Fund accounting 741. Accounting standard-setting environments 742. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 743. Introduction to intercorporate investments 744. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 745. Intercompany transactions 746. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 747. Foreign activities 748. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 749. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 750. Fund accounting 751.Accounting standard-setting environments 752. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 753. Introduction to intercorporate investments 754. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 755. Intercompany transactions 756. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 757. Foreign activities 758. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 759. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 760. Fund accounting 761.Accounting standard-setting environments 762. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 763. Introduction to intercorporate investments 764. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 65. Intercompany transactions 766. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 767. Foreign activities 768. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 769. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 770. Fund accounting 771. Accounting standard-setting environments 772. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 773. Introduction to intercorporate investments 774. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 775. Intercompany transactions 776. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 777. Foreign activities 778. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 779.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 780. Fund accounting 781. Accounting standard-setting environments 782. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 783. Introduction to intercorporate investments 784. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 785. Intercompany transactions 786. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 787. Foreign activities 788. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 789. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 790. Fund accounting 791. Accounting standard-setting environments 792. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 93. Introduction to intercorporate investments 794.Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 795. Intercompany transactions 796. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 797. Foreign activities 798. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 799. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 800. Fund accounting 801. Accounting standard-setting environments 802. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 803. Introduction to intercorporate investments 804. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 805. Intercompany transactions 806. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 07. F oreign activities 808. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 809. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 810. Fund accounting 811. Accounting standard-setting environments 812. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 813. Introduction to intercorporate investments 814. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 815. Intercompany transactions 816. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 817. Foreign activities 818. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 819. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 820.Fund accounting 821. Accounting standard-setting environments 822. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 823. Introduction to intercorporate investments 824. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 825. Intercompany transactions 826. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 827. Foreign activities 828. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 829. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 830. Fund accounting 831. Accounting standard-setting environments 832. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 833. Introduction to intercorporate investments 34. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 835. Intercompany transactions 836. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 837. Foreign activities 838. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 839. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 840. Fund accounting 841.Accounting standard-setting environments 842. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 843. Introduction to intercorporate investments 844. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 845. Intercompany transactions 846. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 847. Foreign activities 48. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 849. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 850. Fund accounting 851. Accounting standard-setting environments 852. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 853. Introduction to intercorporate investments 854. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 855. Intercompany transactions 856. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 857. Foreign activities 858. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 859. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 860. Fund accounting 861.Accounting standard-setting environments 862. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 863. Introduction to intercorporate investments 864. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 865. Intercompany transactions 866. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 867. Foreign activities 868. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 869. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 870. Fund accounting 871. Accounting standard-setting environments 872. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 873. Introduction to intercorporate investments 874 .Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 75. Intercompany transactions 876. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 877. Foreign activities 878. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 879. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 880. Fund accounting 881. Accounting standard-setting environments 882. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 883. Introduction to intercorporate investments 884. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 885. Intercompany transactions 886. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 887. Foreign activities 888. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 889.Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 890. Fund accounting 891. Accounting standard-setting environments 892. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 893. Introduction to intercorporate investments 894. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 895. Intercompany transactions 896. Issues in ownership interest s and joint ventures 897. Foreign activities 898. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 899. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 900. Fund accounting 901. Accounting standard-setting environments 902. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 03. Introduction to intercorporate investments 904. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 905. Intercompany transactions 906. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 907.Foreign activities 908. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 909. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 910. Fund accounting 911. Accounting standard-setting environments 912. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 913. Introduction to intercorporate investments 914. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 915. Intercompany transactions 916. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 17. Foreign activities 918. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 91 9. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 920. Fund accounting 921. Accounting standard-setting environments 922. Financial instruments and income tax allocation 923. Introduction to intercorporate investments 924. Consolidation subsequent to acquisition 925. Intercompany transactions 926. Issues in ownership interests and joint ventures 927. Foreign activities 928. Translation and consolidation of foreign subsidiaries 929. Financial reporting in the not-for-profit and public sectors 930. Fund accounting

Culture Shock

University of Iceland Business and intercultural Communication (VI? 512G) Teacher: ? ora Christiansen 30. 11. 2010 Culture shock * my personal experience Eydis Brynjarsdottir kt:091085-3569 Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction3 2. 0 Definition of culture shock3 3. 0 Culture shock lifecycle4 4. 0 Culture shock triangle6 5. 0 My personal experience8 6. 0 Ten steps to minimize culture shock8 7. 0 Conclusion9 1. 0 Introduction I chose culture shock for my discussion in this assignment. I will discuss the definition of Culture shock and how it affects people.I will also discuss some theories and in the end I will give a short story from my own experience. 2. 0 Definition of culture shock The definition of culture shock refers generally to the unpleasant experience that people get when they are coming in contact with other cultures than their own. Their experience of a new culture is seen as unpleasant surprise/shock that occurs when expectations do not match reality. Working in a new cultu re can lead a variety of reactions for an example: * Confusion about what to do * Anxiety * Frustration * Inappropriate behavior Depression All of these are possible reactions to culture shock, which is the shock that we experience when we are confronted with the unknown. Researches show that culture shock can be both short and sharp or long term and deep, and what appears to be the identifier is the degree of difference from one? s own and the host culture, the degree of preparation, social support networks and individual psychological characteristics. The longer time that the individual experiences the culture shock, the greater is the feeling of helplessness and performance deficit.There are several symptoms of cultural shock, but the most common are: * Feeling isolated * Anxiety and worries * Reduction in the job performance * High energy * Helplessness The inclusion of high energy is caused by changing the circumstances in the adaption process The longer that the manager experi enced the culture shock the greater where the feelings of helplessness and performance deficit. Hofstede differentiate three different states of adaptation comparing feelings and emotions of the residence to the situation in the home culture before the assignment.It may remain negative compared to home, for example, if the visitor continues feeling an monster and discriminated against. It may be just as good as before, in which the visitor can be considered to be adapt bicultural or it may be better. In the last case the visitor has â€Å"gone native† it has become more Roman than the Romans. 3. 0 Culture shock life cycle Kalervo Oberg (1901-1973) was an anthropologist, who explained the symptoms and process of adapting a different culture. Oberg listed six main aspects of culture shock: * Strain caused by the effort to adapt Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions * Feeling rejected by or rejecting members of the n ew culture * Confusion in role, values and self-identity * Anxiety and anger about foreign practices * Feeling of helplessness The term cultural shock was first presented by Oberg in 1954, where he outlined the consequences of strain and anxiety resulting from contact with a new culture and the feelings of loss of accustomed cultural cues and social rules. That model puts you through a life cycle of four distinct phases on the way to the final adaption.Figure 1 Table 1Table 2 The first table shows us the four phases in the adaptation process. The honeymoon phase is the first phase of the process. There are all the encounters in the new place seen exciting, stimulating and positive. The new life is perceived as endless opportunities and happiness. There is curiosity and openness combined with readiness to accept what is to come. â€Å"Most importantly in this stage judgment is reserved and even minor irritations are suppressed in favor of concentrating on the nice things about the j ob, the country, the colleagues, the food, etc. †: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999).Culture shock is the second phase in the process, this is when the manager realizes that everything is not as it should be. The experience of foreigners can start uncomfortable feelings such as stress, irritability or negative view of the country, colleagues or the job. This phase is often characterized as uncomfortable situations, but the main reason for these symptoms is the uncertainty about surroundings, us and the future. â€Å"The usual signs of orientation and the belonging do not exist, we don’t quite know who we are without the familiar social context, and the way our foreign colleagues behave seems â€Å"all wrong†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999).How mangers deal with this phase, the emotions and expectations is essential for their adaption on the long run. The best way to come at is to use the symptoms and the unpleasantness as an indicator to change our approximation and form our self- development to understand us and deal with our emotions and sometimes other people. Recovery is the third phase in our first figure and that starts with accepting that we have a problem that needs to be worked on. Recovery and the final adjustment phase generally involve a compromise between feelings and thinking of the honeymoon phase and the culture shock phase. This compromise is between our exaggerate expectations and reality†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). The final phase, Final adjustment, managers have become able to work effectively after knowing their limitations of their skills. They can take on a new ways of doing things and what most that matters is being flexible. Elisabeth Marx made table 2 in figure one, we should examine it a little bit. There are many experts that have tried to specify the timing on the phases but the thing is that there is no rule for it. The timing of culture shock depends on how different the culture is from your own.It makes more sense to use a model of culture shock that is not that strictly linear but integrates a cycle that shows positive and negative phases until you break through the culture shock as in table 2. The thing is that international assignments tend to be more short term than long term and more executives working on the projects so we cannot use the same model, although the concept is the same. The thing is that short term international work does not allow for the same long term adaption process and therefore distinct honeymoon, culture shock and readjustment phases will not occur.Marx found it to be more realistic to use a model that is not strictly linear but integrates a dynamic and repetitive cycle of positive and negative phases until you break through Culture Shock. â€Å"Instead there will be more of a mixture of positive and negative emotions, of uncertainty and clarity, of enjoyment and frustration†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). Figure one shows us also the mood changes so we are able to use thes e phases in more ways than just a job, for example marriage. In a short description, phase one involves excitement, euphoria and optimism, like in a honeymoon.Second phase is confronting the unknown and negative aspects like confusion, anxiety and frustration. We will at some point recover from the moodiness and anxiety of the culture shock and in the final phase we head for a readjustment. 4. 0 Culture shock triangle Elisabeth Marx developed a model from Oberg’s idea to describe culture shock. According to Marx international managers experience culture shock psychically at three levels. She uses the â€Å"culture shock triangle† to describe these 3 levels which are: * Emotions – coping with mood swings Thinking – understanding foreign colleagues * Social skills and identity – developing a social and professional network and effective social skills. Figure 2 Questions those international mangers are supposed to ask feature: * Emotions – what am I likely to feel? How will I handle the stress of international work? * Thinking – what will I think? Have effective are my solutions? * Social skills and identity – how effectively will I communicate with foreign analogue? Managers that have adapted these levels lead to following: Handle stress of the transition. * Changing the perception and translation of events and behavior. * Developing effective social skills and an international identity. These aspects combine to form the culture shock triangle, accomplish the international effectiveness on culture shock. These three factors can influence each other in some way for example feeling frustrated can have negative effect on how we think and how we act. Another example is if we feel pessimistic and stressed out our solutions to the problems can be ineffective.Out of this can we clearly see that those factors do remain together, so positive mood and optimism produce better solutions. Social identity and skills are very important when we are going to work abroad. We need to know who we are and be confident and secure with ourselves so we can start to work in and with another culture. When we interact closely with the foreign culture we experience the conflicts between our own values and those of the foreign culture. When we get more concerned we develop alternative ways of behaving and that makes us able to view of ourselves from a different perspective.As we can see this is all part of self development that people passes through during international challenges. Marx insists on the fact that the culture shock phase is an integral part of the adaption phase and should have no negative connotations. These are normal reactions of people who confront the foreign but give no indication of future success. The success depends on the strategies and motives of the company as it wishes to co-operate with, or take over another. 5. 0 My personal experienceI have experienced a culture shock but just a mino r shock. When I was visiting my aunt in Stockholm we took the tube down town to Gamla stan. Like everybody knows there are many people in the city so it is kind of crowded and most people are on a hurry but I was on the other hand is in a vacation so there were no rush. When me and my aunt were going down the escalator I just stood in the middle like I always do in Kringlan and were nosy about my new surroundings. Suddenly I hear a man hawking himself behind me†¦ and I , what the hell is his problem!Then my aunt turns around and tells me to stand in the right in the escalator because people who are on a hurry should be able to run down on the left side in the escalator. This is a unwritten rule that people in Stockholm keep up with and I had no idea about that! 6. 0 Ten steps to minimize culture shock The book Breaking through culture shock by Elisabeth Marx gives examples of 10 steps to minimize culture shock. 1) â€Å"Do not let culture shock take you by surprise. Allow time to find out about it before you leave for your assignment.Learn to recognize the symptoms and the potential impact†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 2) â€Å"Expect culture shock to happen irrespective of location. It is as likely to occur in a country near to your home base as in posting further afield†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 3) â€Å"As soon as you arrive in your new location, identify all the opportunities for building support networks with other international managers and with local people†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 4) â€Å"As with any stressful situation, fight it, do not give in to it.So do not resort to escapist strategies such as drinking or eating too much and do not deny your symptoms†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 5) â€Å"Ask other international managers for guidance on the issue and problems too look out for. Learn from their experience†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 6) â€Å"Give yourself time to adapt and do not rush into too many work related proj ects at the start of the assignment. Make sure that the organization gives you this time too†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 7) â€Å"Do not hesitate to seek a professional help if symptoms persist despite your coping efforts.Help may be available within your company or externally through counselors or the medical profession†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 8) â€Å"Expect the same symptoms to reoccur when you come home. Reverse culture shock is normal†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 9) â€Å"Thinking about the positive aspect of culture shock – people who experience it adapt better to their new environment than those who do not†: (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 10) â€Å"Retain sense of humor! † : (Elisabeth Marx, 1999). 7. 0 Conclusion After all the reading for this project I should be able to define and handle myself if I go abroad.I did not imagine that culture shock can be that effective on people and their lives, just because of moving! The by word that we could obtain here is â€Å"better safe than sorry†.Bibliography Elisabeth Marx. (1999). Breaking through culture shock. London: Nicholas Brealey publishing. Hofstede, Geert H. (2001). Culture? s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks. Marie-Joelle Browaeys and Roger Price. (2008). Understanding cross-cultural management. Edinburgh: Prentice Hall. Culture Shock Abstract The factors of culture shock are various. Different values, beliefs and customs can create information overload. Besides, language barrier reduces the understanding of the new culture and makes people feel isolated. In addition, the difference in food is one of the main factors of culture shock. Original eating habit is not easy to change, so it becomes more difficult to fit in. Moreover, people from different social structures cause culture shock. Furthermore, the individual differences such as age, sex, socio-economic class and education also influence degree of culture shock.Culture shock typically occurs in a four-stage process that can unfold over varying lengths of time: the honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and mastery phases. In the honeymoon phase, people always feel excited and fascinated about the culture. After that is negotiation phase which is the real culture shock. In this stage, people are struggle in the differences between cultures. When people start to recover, they jump to the next stage, adjustment phase. In the last stage, people will start to embrace the new culture.Different people experience culture shock in different ways and to different degrees, but they all go through the same process of this model. People in this situation will have both positive and negative effects which influence people psychologically and physically. It causes depression, anxiety and hopelessness and, in turn, it will reduce problem solving skill, inefficiency of work and negative interpersonal relationships. Besides, it also causes physical symptoms like colds and headaches. However, it also brings positive effects such as self-confidence, self-motivation, culture sensitivity and language skills.Culture shock is a temporary phase. There are various ways to reduce these emotions. Keep in touch with family and friends by making phone calls, using web chat or sharing photos and experience on social networks. Get involved in local activities and make n ew friends can reduce the negative emotions. Explore is another good ways to maintain the excitement stage longer. Be open mindedness and have positive attitude is the key to overcome this. Keywords: culture shock; Oberg; phases of Culture Shock; causes, effects and solutions 1. Introduction – Culture ShockIn the last decade, an increasing number of people have opted to study, work or live in a foreign country which is totally different in culture and environment. When people visit an unfamiliar culture for the first time, it results in culture shock. The term Culture Shock was coined by a world renowned anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in a 1954 speech in Rio de Janeiro. He introduced his model for  Culture Shock, four phases when people encounter a new culture. The first time when people visit or move to another country, they are often astonished by the differences between other cultures and their own.These differences sometimes make people feel uncomfortable, frustrated, fea rful or insecure. In Oberg’s speech, he defined Culture Shock as follows: â€Å"Culture Shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life. † Culture shock is a psychological stress which happens in the beginning when visiting another country which causes not only negative but also positive effects.This paper aims to investigate the causes, the effects and the solutions as a practical guide to those who are about to start this adventure. 2. Causes of Culture Shock There are several factors that cause culture shock. 2. 1 Information overload People who face a different culture or environment for the first time will inadequately use their own culture as a standard to interpret, judge and behave in the new culture. This is â€Å"information overload†. There are various things that wil l hit people immediately when they arrive in a new country, like traffic signs, sounds, table manners and other customs in daily life.In addition, people from different countries have a different cultural value which is built on deeply-embedded sets of values, norms and beliefs. This cannot easily be changed in a short time. People try to interpret new language meanings, new nonverbal, behavioral, contextual and social communication which is unfamiliar with their immanent knowledge and originate systems. This generates emotional and mental burnout. 2. 2 Language Language can create even greater barriers between cultures. Knowledge about the culture and language are essential to understand the host culture.Thus, the misunderstood cross cultural communication becomes one factor. People who come to a new country at an adult age can have particular difficulties overcoming the language barrier. People will fail to communicate, misunderstand each other, and have different intonation and p ronunciation. It makes people feel frustrated when communicating. For example, when people order food in restaurants, use bank services or have classes at school, they will face various obstacles in communicating. Besides, it is impossible to become proficiency very fast especially for students who study abroad.Although people try very hard to improve their language, they still have some difficulties which cannot be solved in a short time. Thus, the language barriers can influence the isolation which causes a lot of stress and strain. 2. 3 Food It is fact that food is different from country to country. It tastes different, or is cooked differently. The eating habit is a difficult factor to change. Thus, it is one of the important factors which cause culture shock. Although food is imported and exported very frequently, it is harder and more expensive to buy the food you like.For instance, people cannot find ingredients which they are used to eat or cannot find restaurants which are similar to their home country. People need a lot of time to recreate recipes by using the local food and spices to suit their original eating habits. Therefore, people will face lots of difficulties in getting used to this. This doesn’t take only a few months, but sometimes years. 2. 4 Social structure Another important example is the extent of individualism or collectivism exhibited.Collectivism is mostly seen in the cultures of  Asia, Africa, parts of Europe and Latin America which have stronger values promoted in groups and interdependently, whereas individualism is mostly seen in the cultures of Western Europe and North America which endorse independence and individual goals. Ergo, people form collectivist societies who move to individualist societies and vice versa feel like a fish out of water. 2. 5 Individual differences The factors vary according to personality and the ability to cope with new environments. It includes age, sex, socio-economic class, and education.K nowledge about a culture and previous experience abroad are commonly considered in relation to cross-cultural adaptation. Some personality factors are generally believed to influence this process. For example, children do not have much culture shock. But when people grow to a certain age, the degree of culture shock starts to increase. Males are more malleable than females, thus they can adapt to a new culture faster. 3. The phases of Culture Shock Kalervo Oberg (1954) classified culture shock into four stages—Honeymoon, Negotiation, Adjustment and Mastery which is known as U-Curve model.Different people experience culture shock in different ways and to different degrees but they all follow Oberg’s four stages model. 3. 1 The honeymoon phase In this period, everything about the foreign culture is so new and intriguing. People feel enthusiastic, excited and fascinated about the new culture, particularly about food, drink, pace of life and locals’ habits. Figure 1 displays that they experience a level of 5. 5 in adjusting to the new culture. It is always combined with openness, curiosity, and a readiness to accept the situation.It is similar as honeymoon period that everything about it seems perfect. However, this stage lasts only for the first few weeks. Figure 1The degree of adjustment to culture shock in honeymoon phase is just over 5. 5. After this short period, the figure plunges to around 2. 5, the lowest point which is the negotiation phase and this is the real culture shock stage. When people overcome it, they will be in the adjustment phase. The figure from this stage proliferate over 4. 0, followed by the mastery phase which increases to 6. 0 and over. | 3. 2 The negotiation phaseAfter the excitement drifts away, the actual culture shock emerges. The differences between new and old cultures stand out which cause unpleasant feelings of anxiety and frustration. The degree of adjustment plummets to around 2. 5 (figure1). Generally, it is caused by language barriers, culture values, public hygiene, traffic safety or food accessibility. These differences will provoke uncertainty about oneself and the surroundings because of the lack of belonging and the unfamiliarity and disconnection with the old culture. This results in feeling lonely and homesick. Communication is the main factor.Language barrier become the catalyst of these negative emotions. It often lasts at least three months, depending on individuals. 3. 3 The adjustment phase During this stage, things become normal. This is also known as a recovery stage. People start to understand and get accustomed to and feel more comfortable with the new culture, and then they will develop their own routines. People will try overcoming their problems. The negative reactions are reduced. Thus, the language barrier and the relationship to the host nation start to improve. People are able to be more flexible and can work effectively.Figure 1 shows that the degree of adju stment is cover to that of the Honeymoon phase and even exceeds it. 3. 4 The mastery phase In the final stage, people fully and comfortably participate in the host culture and embrace the new environment, but still maintain their home culture. It is often regarded as the  biculturalism  stage. The level of acceptance often reaches 6. 5 according to Figure 1. Not every person in every situation goes through the same process of Oberg’s model. These stages often blend and overlap. It differs for individuals, and varies in length. 4. Effects of Culture Shock 4. 1 Negative effects . 1. 1 Psychological effects Change may cause stress. The symptoms of culture shock are essentially psychological. The major symptoms may be described as depression, anxiety and feelings of helplessness. If depression, anxiety and feelings of helplessness accumulate, the degree and extent of psychological disorientation may be deeper and deeper so that people may have difficulties in paying attention to the learning of new cultures. Moreover, psychological disorientation may influence people’s abilities to solve problems and to make decisions. This decreases the motivation for adapting to the new conditions.Most important is that when people fail to defeat the symptoms of culture shock, they are likely to become hostile to the host nationals, which may lead to negative interpersonal relationships. Therefore, dealing with psychological stress caused by culture shock such as depression, anxiety and feelings of helplessness is significant for those people who come into contact with a new culture. 4. 1. 2 Physical effects However, there are also physical symptoms that may manifest themselves in the form of an increased incidence of minor illnesses (e. g. colds and headaches) or more serious psychosomatic illnesses brought on by depression. . 2 Positive effects On the contrary, not all the effects are negative. With time and patience, people can experience positive effects of culture shock, such as increased self-confidence, improved self-motivation and cultural sensitivity. Besides, people can improve their language fast. Moreover, we can learn to adapt to different people from different countries, different religious or different social values, and also learn to respect their customs and beliefs. Furthermore, it can challenge us in solving problems in daily life and finding positive effects in the difficulties.It makes people more self-confident and provokes self-motivation in the future. 5. Solutions Culture shock is normally a temporary phase. There are various ways to reduce the effects of culture shock. Everyone has to find their own balance between the values of their home country and those of the host country. 5. 1 Keep in touch Staying in touch with your family and friends at home will help you reduce and help overcome the effects of culture shock. The Internet makes it very easy to maintain regular contact, for example by using web chat or voi ce calls, or by sharing news, information and photos of your life on social networks.It is wise to set a regular time to call people back home or share photos and experiences on Facebook. 5. 2 Explore Exploring is one of the nice ways to overcome the negative emotions from culture shock. Everyone should get a copy of a travel guidebook like Lonely Planet, read it, actually study it and become familiar with it. This will help to understand the people and their history. 5. 3 Involvement Joining local activities like festivals, sport clubs or learning to cook local dishes, are ways to be proactive in making new friends. Making friends with other nonnative people can help you understand your emotions.Most importantly, making friends with local people is essential as you can learn more about their culture faster. 5. 4 Open mindedness The key to reduce negative effects of culture shock is in a positive attitude. Open mindedness is an important factor to understand and accept the new cultu re and environment. People who restrict themselves in their culture and habits find it impossible to overcome the unpleasant feeling of the new culture. Therefore, having a positive attitude and being open minded are indispensible in reducing the negative effects of culture shock. 6. ConclusionFrom one culture to another, the differences among them cause feelings of unfamiliarity. This results in a large amount of psychological stress such as depression, anxiety and feelings of helplessness. However, there are various solutions for different people to deal with these symptoms. Before entering a new cultural environment, it is very important for all people to make full preparation. Understanding the process of culture shock and features of a new culture may be useful for all. Most people will experience culture shock in one form or another. It is not a sign that they have made a mistake, or that they are not coping.Learning to embrace the uncertainty and initial discomfort and findin g all of the positive things around them are essential. The symptoms will pass before too long and they will probably find that it has been a useful learning experience, whether they intend to return to their home country or not. Bibliography [1] Ashim C. Uwaje, â€Å"Culture shock, Re-Integration and Re-Entry culture shock – Managing Cultural Differences† 2009 [2] Furnham, A. and S. Bochner, â€Å"Culture Shock: Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments† London and New York: Methuen & Co Limited, 1986 [3] Grant G.Frost, â€Å"A Consideration of How Non-aboriginal Educators Working Among First Nations Populations May Be Particularity Susceptible To the Effects of Culture Shock† Mount Saint Vincent University, September 2007 [4] Manz Sonja, â€Å"Culture Shock – Causes, Consequences and Solutions: The International Experience† 2003 [5] Oberg Kalvero, â€Å"Cultural Shock: adjustment to new cultural environments† Practical Anthropology, 7, 1960: 177-182 [6] Rachel Irwin, â€Å"Culture shock: negotiating feelings in the field† Anthropology Matters Journal, University of Oxford, 2007, Vol 9 (1) [7] Sheila M.Fabrizio, â€Å"Cultural adaptation in outdoor programming† Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 9(2), 2005: 44-56 [8] Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Culture_shock#Reverse_culture_shock Culture Shock Hadi Islais, SALP 501AB (21044/21045) Developmental Composition. 4/11/13 What is culture shock? Some people would say it is only just a few new things you may find in another countries that is not that hard to get used to it, but I don’t think so because culture shock is a huge things and that is why it is been called shock and you have to learn how to live with in the new place that you going to be live at. There are many new things that person should know before moving to another culture such as the new language, the country’s rules, and the new weather.Learning the new language of the new country consider one of the important things to do to communicate with the people. First of all, you should know about the new language that you are going to use in the new culture. It is too hard to live in a community without knowing how to talk with the people because in this way you will not be able to move from your place to wherever you want you to go. Also you are going to wa ste a lot of time trying to explain to the people the things you are trying to say and you will be using the sign language until you be able to learn the new language.Knowing the rules of the new country you are going to live in will always help you to be in the safe side and never have a problems. First of all, you have to learn about the driving rules if you are planning to drive a car or any other vehicles. Some country like the US they are very serious about it and consider it an important thing to learn all the rules and take both the writing and the driving test. On the other hand, other countries like Saudi Arabia doesn’t really care that much about driving rules and that is why it is one of the countries that have a high records of cars accidents every day.Second, you have to know the school’s rules if you are planning to study in a new countries. Some countries like the US consider attending all the classes a very important rule and student should not miss any class unless the student have an emergence reason for example like a medical appointment. In the end, knowing all the rules about the country you are going to will always keep you in the safe side. Knowing about the weather is an important thing to know, so you don’t get sick because of the weather changing between you previous and new culture.First of all, many countries may have too many different change in the weather. For example the weather in Los Angeles, Ca is beautiful most of the time. It is not that hot in the summer, also not the cold in the winter. Weather doesn’t really change a lot like in other countries. In the summer the weather is very nice, so the people can spend their holidays or the weekends on the beach and enjoying their time with their family or their friend. The can swim, play with sand, or lie on the beach. In The winter, they can go camping. Many people like to do it in the winter.These are some of the things that make the weather different than other countries like Middle East countries. In conclusion, moving from your culture to another culture is a difficult thing and you should know as much as you can about the new culture you are moving to. You have to learn their language so, you will be able to communicate with the people in there. Also you should know the rules about this country, so you don’t get in trouble. Finally you have to know about the weather in this new place and cooperate with the other weather in your country.

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay

Absolute Idealism left distinct marks on many facets of Western culture. True, science was indifferent to it, and common sense was perhaps stupefied by it, but the greatest political movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries— Marxism—was to a significant degree an outgrowth of Absolute Idealism. (Bertrand Russell remarked someplace that Marx was nothing more than Hegel mixed with British economic theory. ) Nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, theology, and even art felt an influence. The Romantic composers of the nineteenth century, for example, with their fondness for expanded form, vast orchestras, complex scores and soaring melodies, searched for the all-encompassing musical statement. In doing so, they mirrored the efforts of the metaphysicians; whose vast and imposing systems were sources of inspiration to many artists and composers. As we have said, much of what happened in philosophy after Hegel was in response to Hegel. This response took different forms in English-speaking countries and on the European continent—so different that philosophy in the twentieth century was split into two traditions or, as we might say nowadays, two â€Å"conversations. † So-called analytic philosophy and its offshoots became the predominant tradition of philosophy in England and eventually in the United States. The response to Hegelian idealism on the European continent was quite different however; and is known (at least in English-speaking countries) as Continental philosophy. Mean while, the United States developed its own brand of philosophy—called pragmatism—but ultimately analytic philosophy became firmly entrenched in the United States as well. Within Continental philosophy may be found various identifiable schools of philosophical thought: existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory. Two influential schools were existentialism and phenomenology, and we will begin this chapter with them. Both existentialism and phenomenology have their roots in the nineteenth century, and many of their themes can be traced back to Socrates and even to the pre- Socratics. Each school of thought has influenced the other to such an extent that two of the most famous and influential Continental philosophers of this century, Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 –1980), are important figures in both movements, although Heidegger is primarily a phenomenologist and Sartre primarily an existentialist. Some of the main themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophy is sterile and remote from the concerns of real life. Philosophy must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world. The world is irrational (or, in any event, beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy). The world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate explanation can be given for why it is the way it is. Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence. Giving birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair as well as the individual confronts as the most important fact of human existence, the necessity to choose how he or she is to live within this absurd and irrational world. Now, many of these themes had already been introduced by those brooding thinkers of the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopenhauer (see previous chapter), Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche. All three had a strong distaste for the optimistic idealism of Hegel—and for metaphysical systems in general. Such philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament. For all three the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that seek to make everything seem rational are just futile attempts to overcome pessimism and despair. This impressive-sounding word denotes the philosophy that grew out of the work of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). In brief, phenomenology interests itself in the essential structures found within the stream of conscious experience—the stream of phenomena—as these structures manifest themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science. Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a product of philosophers rather than of artists and writers. But like existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous impact outside philosophical circles. It has been especially influential in theology, the social and political sciences, and psychology and psychoanalysis. Phenomenology is a movement of thinkers who have a variety of interests and points of view; phenomenology itself finds its antecedents in Kant and Hegel (though the movement regarded itself as anything but Hegelian). Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, argued that all objective knowledge is based on phenomena, the data received in sensory experience. In Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind, beings are treated as phenomena or objects for a consciousness. The world beyond experience, the â€Å"real† world assumed by natural science, is a world concerning which much is unknown and doubtful. But the world-in-experience, the world of pure phenomena, can be explored without the same limitations or uncertainties.

Future of Games in IPTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Future of Games in IPTV - Essay Example Television was earlier marked by a lot of chaos and uncontrollability. With television, there were a number of data security risks as well. But nowadays, the improvement in the field of IP protocol based networks has allowed moving images to be transferred directly to home computer, which acts as a perfect replacement for cable television. This new type of television that is revolutionizing the telecast and broadcasting industry is known by names such as net television, webcasting and video streaming. Internet protocol Television or IPTV is the new method of television viewing, and the quality of IPTV generally depends on factors such as connection speeds of the Internet, the load placed on the network, transmission equipments and the capacity of the terminal device. Internet Protocol television or IPTV is a new mode of Internet television viewing, which uses Internet protocol networking and architecture methods to a network infrastructure which is packet switched. Hence IPTV does not use the traditional mediums such as radio frequency broadcast, cable television formats or satellite signal. IPTV is being hailed as the future medium of choice for playing online massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORG) and other gaming genres such as First Person Shooters (FPS), Real Time Strategy (RTS) and racing games. Besides games meant for the PC, it is also expected that future console games such as the ones available on Xbox 360 would be exclusively available on IPTV. IPTV can be broadly classified into three categories: video and content on-demand, times shifted programming and live television. Unlike other web based services, IPTV uses it’s unique standardization the process such as the ETSI. IPTV also uses high speed channels and s et-top boxes, making the experience of Internet television more interactive and personalized. IPTV however is very different from Internet television. In the case of IPTV,

Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Germany - Essay Example These men, despite their desire for positive reform, were met with much opposition throughout their causes and careers. Frederick the Great ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He has been remembered for many things, but some of those that stand out include his contributions as a brilliant tactician and military organizer, controlled grain prices so that the government stores good provide for poor families whose crops were unsuccessful, and beginning the first official school of veterinary medicine in Austria or Germany. He was, also, an accomplished linguist, speaking several languages, and talented musician. Most importantly, he is remembered for changing Prussia from an often forgotten European â€Å"backwater† location and into a thriving, economically strong and reformed region. However, again, much of the changes he attempted to implement were met with opposition; Enlightened Absolutism was not a favored position of all of the peoples of Europe at the time. (Wikipedia) Joseph the II of Austria ruled from 1765-1790. He had a very famous family member that should not be left unmentioned; he was brother to France’s Marie Antoinette. He was a well liked and influential leader, however he, like Frederick the Great, faced a great deal of opposition due to his attempt to reform Austria with the philosophy of Enlightened Absolutism. Some of the very important acts he is known for include, making public education more available for boys and girls, inspiring legal reforms throughout Austria, and attempted to reform the Catholic Church to make it more tolerant, more akin to his enlightened perspectives. He, like others who shared his political and social views, had a great deal of respect and support for the arts. In fact, such a well loved patron of the arts that, his funeral cantata was composed by Beethoven himself. (Wikipedia) Both men strived to make changes to their lands under the ideologies of

What is the best way to handle on the job conflict constructively Essay

What is the best way to handle on the job conflict constructively - Essay Example There is a popular maxim that says prevention is better than cure. This fact applies also in conflict management in human relationships and teams. It is not always possible to foresee all future sources of conflict, but it is always best to do that which is necessary to avoid foreseeable conflict areas. Experiences inform us that positive constructive conflict handling must be complimented by a secure and supportive organizational environment in which trust and mutual respect are the core pillars in existing relationships (LeBaron 88). On this aspect, people feel comfortable and at ease with each other, and able to express and appreciate differences in opinions and workout a consensus. Conflict prevention requires more of visionary leadership as opposed to reactionary leadership. Conflict prevention skills entail identifying future conflict potential areas and designing a viable and acceptable strategy on how to approach them. Conflict managers should help people in teams stay focused on their goals; to be accommodative to those with a different opinion; participate in decision-making; and train people on consensus building. Constructive conflict management requires that people are able to differentiate personal interests and positions. Personal interests include individual values, needs and motivating factors. Positions define the means an individual uses to achieve personal interests (David and Johnson 37). However, it is not always possible to prevent a conflict. This is largely because life is very dynamic and with it comes surprises. This requires an elaborate and dynamic conflict handling strategy. Equally important, conflict may sometimes serve as important lessons to learn from and help devise objectives and goals that are relatively fair to all players. In relation to this, constructive conflict handling requires a practical

How the French in the United States View the Americans Essay

How the French in the United States View the Americans - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that considering the different historical economic affiliations of France and United States, citizens from these two countries have different opinions concerning social, economic and political views of each other. France is known to have supported communism ideologies while the United States supported capitalism hence the different perspectives held by the citizens of both countries. To start with, according to the reading, money is described as the ultimate value in America. This is because people who make fortune in America are very respectable compared to those in France. In America, it does not matter how the rich make money, whether, in suspicious or genuine ways, the fact remains that the rich are respectable and are seen as hardworking citizens. On the other hand, the French do not value money greatly. They only require money for their survival and having a lot of money does not earn people respect in France. Secondly, the work cultu re is different in the two countries. According to the reading, the Americans are strict in terms of time management, execution of commands and also limit social associations at workplaces. This is in contrast with the French people who have relaxed rules at their workplace and encourage social relations. Thirdly, the choice of food is different in the two countries. According to the reading, Americans like to have fast foods as opposed to the French who enjoy having quality meals. This is shown by the increased number of fast food restaurants in America.

Write a thesis driven analysis paper of the book The Lathe of Heaven Essay

Write a thesis driven analysis paper of the book The Lathe of Heaven by Ursula K. Le Guin - Essay Example to achieve access to the flowing power available through the fourth concept of cosmic energy while the fifth founding element refers to the flowing waters and winds of change and motion. These concepts are called Wu Wei (actionless action), Te (flowing power through living simply), Ch’I (cosmic energy) and Feng-Shui (winds and waters of change) (Hundoble, 1999). LeGuin weaves all five of these concepts into the storyline of the novel as it traces the progression of George Orr and his psychiatrist Dr. William Haber as they examine the limits of George’s abilities to change reality. The concept of Yin and Yang are contained within the character of George himself. Physically, he is not tall or short, blond or brunette. When he meets new people, Heather Lelache for instance, he strikes them as almost repulsively weak but also as amazingly strong. â€Å"The man struck her as not exactly feeble-minded, but revoltingly simple† (41) are Heather’s thoughts early in their first meeting, quickly revised to â€Å"now she thought that he certainly wouldn’t squash if she stepped on him, nor crunch, nor even crack. He was peculiarly solid† (45). When he discusses things that have been happening in his life, he does so with a great deal of equanimity, not seeming to pass judgment upon others, but not granting approval for their actions either. This idea of George representing the perfect balance of Yin and Yang is finally confirmed by Dr. Haber himself when he tells George the results of the tests that were run on him: â€Å"Where there’s an opposed pair, a polarity, you’re in the middle; where there’s a scale, you’re at the balance point. †¦ you’re the man in the middle of the graph† (137). The concept of actionless action is brought out in the discussions George tries to hold with Dr. Haber regarding the changes that are being made through his dreams. This is particularly well-illustrated in the discussion he has with the doctor regarding the

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) - Essay Example Because of their varying repeat lengths, STRs are characterized with large number of alleles, which in turn make them being highly variable between populations (Lee et al, 1994). In addition, these microsatellite sequences account approximately for 3 percent of the human genome and occur on average every 10,000 nucleotides (Collins et al, 2003). Finally, among other types of biological material, STRs are characterized with consistency and stability, which practically means that any cell contains the very same profile of SRTs. From the forensic perspective, it means that regardless of type of biological material obtained in the crime scene, appropriate STR profile proving source attribution can be conducted using any type of cell without compromising the result. From the practical perspective, STR profile constitutes simply a panel of numerical designations of each STR allele repeat number based on their electrophoretic sizing information. The electrophoretic mobility of DNA is inversely proportional to the length of the fragment; the longer allele with more repeats migrates slower than the shorter alleles containing fewer repeats. If a snapshot (electropherogram) is taken at a time point when two alleles of different lengths are electrophoretically migrating through a gel, the shorter allele will appear further from the origin than the longer allele. When looking at multiple alleles simultaneously, the STR electropherogram pattern (profile) of an individual is different from that of another individual whose alleles may be longer or shorter and hence assigned with different allele numbers. The variation in STR allele sizes results in distinctive DNA profiles with a uniqueness of 1 in a trillion using the 13 core STR loci in the FBI’s national database known as COmbined DNA Index System (CODIS). These 13 loci were chosen for their unique characteristics, such as number of alleles and repeat sequence, present in each one of them. Their adoption in the

Cultural Beliefs and Stigma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Beliefs and Stigma - Essay Example Investigation of the impact of cultural beliefs and stigma on the treatment journey of infectious patients needs include the burden from the stigma of various health problems and cultural beliefs. In the course of examination of the stigma and its effects on the patient comparisons must be made. These comparisons include the magnitude and character of stigma for different conditions and in different social and cultural settings; identifying distinctive features of stigma that may guide intervention programs; and evaluating changes in the magnitude and character of stigma over time and in response to interventions and social changes. (leininger M (1991) Such research benefits by examining stigma from various vantage points, considering the experience of stigma among persons with a designated health problem, laypersons in the community, and health care providers or other designated subgroups of the community (eg, teachers and policymakers) that have a substantial impact on health. Research on stigma should also consider questions of social policy as they relate to human rights, access to health care, and social services for particular groups. Our review of health research issues and studies considers the role of stigma in specific mental health problems and tropical diseases, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. We also discuss the limitations of this research and the need for complementary quantitative, qualitative, problem-specific, and culture-specific approaches to study of stigma. (Weiss 2001-p 5) The reason hat health research is concerned with stigma is that stigma is an important consideration for health policy and clinical practice for several reasons. It contributes to the suffering from illness in various ways, and it may delay appropriate help-seeking or terminate treatment for treatable health problems. For diseases and disorders that are highly stigmatized, the impact of the meaning of the disease may be as great or a greater source of suffering than symptoms of a disease. An early presentations of paucibacillary leprosy as a painless depigmented or anaesthetic patch is an example. Hearing the diagnosis is more troubling than symptoms of the disease. Social science studies of stigma regard it fundamentally as a problem arising from social interactions. Goffman and other researchers have also recognized self-perceived stigma, which may also be troubling and responsible for diminished self-esteem whether or not it arises from an actual interaction, and whether or not t his perceived stigma accurately reflects the critical views of others. Stigma impairs the quality of life through concerns about disclosure, and it affects work, education, marriage, and family life. Although its impact is likely to be overlooked in the calculation of Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), stigma contributes to what WHO's Nations for Mental health Program calls the hidden burden of mental illness. In addition to the suffering it brings, research also shows that stigma and labeling may affect the

Globalization and Its Enemies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and Its Enemies - Article Example There are various debates regarding the origin, driving forces, and transformative powers of transformation (Guttal 523). Supporters and critics of globalization have agreed that advancement in technology and communication have made globalization possible. For instance, banking institutions in Britain are able to reach and communicate with their counterparts in Asia, America and other parts of the world. Further, internet allows currencies to be traded worldwide. There is disagreement on the powers, natures, and origins of globalization (Guttal 523). Is it civilizing or destructive? Is it politically neutral or ideologically driven? Some people argue that globalization is driven by greed and interest to accumulate and control material wealth, for which capitalism provides a rational operational framework and ideology. They argue that globalization is a concept invented to favor the elite. In their views, factors such as global migration from one country to another have led to increas ed security lapses (Guttal 524). They have attributed globalization to environmental degradation, which has resulted to the sprouting of slums in developing countries. Critics of globalization insist that globalization has resulted to uneven distribution of the wealth, which has resulted to selective economic booms in the world. They view globalization as capitalist process that has its origins far back as the industrial revolution era in Europe and has grown since the disintegration of the soviet union as a suitable form of economic organization. Globalization is a force of capitalist expansion and modernization, incorporating the integration of all economic activities into the world market in order to create wealth for the nations. Guttal (524) has argued that to counter one another’s assertions about the merits and demerits of globalization, both the critics and the proponents have fronted several arguments in relation to the economic, political, and social aspects of glob alization. Aspects of the economy that are majorly associated with globalization include investment, trade, and migration. This enables traders to easily access goods and even services in a more broad way than it used to be in the past years. Further, new and expanded global opportunities boosts the global economy as different kinds of exchanges taking place between states encourages positive global competition thus resulting in simultaneous global economic growth (Guttal 524). As Guttal states in the article, critics have held that free trade posses danger to domestic industries. In addition, the concept of globalization has led to the defragmentation of the environment and job loss. They assert that by countries accepting to get into foreign and regional financial schemes, they automatically lose their financial sovereignty and in turn, embrace foreign policies that may be contrary to the unique needs of its citizens. The other view is that multinational corporations may acquire e xcessive power in a particular country, which may in return compromise the needs of the citizens in general. Proponents perceive that, globalization has played a key role especially in the political sphere an argument that has received major backing from globalization nationalists.

Women of Jazz Essay Example for Free

Women of Jazz Essay I interviewed a girl that lives close to me. She explained her high school story to me, involving friends, family, peers, bullies, and boys. The interview was done as if it were only 2 people talking because I didn’t want her to feel any pressure. She explained what it was like going through puberty by herself, without the help of anyone. How the first two years of high school were and how she disliked it. How after she came back from her summer after sophomore year, she had no problems with anyone and explained how she had a boyfriend for a while. The girl I interviewed relates to plenty of topics that were discussed in the class like, self-esteem, peers, popularity, groups, bullies, family and sexuality. I interviewed an adolescent that lived very close to me. She is a senior in High School, getting ready for Prom and all the fun senior privileges she is able to do. She is a regular girl going through a regular life in High School. She does well in school, never got in trouble. The way I interviewed her, was not based on a question and answer type of an interview. I listened to what she had to tell me about her life. She talked about friends, family, school, and boys. She started off telling me about how she dealt with going through puberty; she said that she went through it alone. When she first received her period, she figured out everything herself without having her mom’s or doctor’s help. This shows a sense of autonomy and how she expressed a sense of independence where she figured out what was going on with her body by using sources like the internet. She then mentioned her struggled with her weight. She told me that she wanted to be skinny like all of the other girls at school, and the women she saw in magazines and T. V. shows. She tried to starve herself to get skinny and ended up in the hospital. She then decided to lose weight more efficiently by eating healthy and working out. She made social comparisons about herself to the other girls in her high school and the women she idolized in magazines and T. V. shows. She then talked about the beginning of high school and how she only had a very few handful of friends, mostly tended to be girls. This is due to â€Å"The Sex Cleavage†; girls hang out with girls and boys, with boys (Feldman, 2008). But as adolescents get older, hormones kick in and they being to find the opposite sex attractive and want to be friends with the opposite sex. She went on talking about the popular kids mostly guys that would make fun of her because she was not part of their clique or not cool enough to be their friends. As an adolescent, friends are a very important to have. But she had to deal with male that were not trying to be her friend, but were bullies towards her which lowered her self-esteem even more (Feldman, 2008). They bullied her because she was not popular; this type of an adolescent is referred to as â€Å"rejected adolescent† (Feldman, 2008). A rejected adolescent is someone that has very few friends, doesn’t really engage in social activities and more likely to feel lonely. Bullying is a common experience for many children and adolescents. Surveys indicate that as many as half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis (Feldman, 2008). She told me that when she went back to school for her junior year, no body made fun of her. She explained it as if she had â€Å"blossomed† and that’s why no one made fun of her. She seemed please when she told me. This type of an adolescent if known to be a â€Å"popular adolescent†, these adolescence have more friends, are liked by most people and don’t feel lonely at all due to the fact they have a lot of friends (Feldman, 2008). She hadn’t had a problem until her beginning of senior year. There were two rumors that were spread around the high school about her. These two rumors did not affect her she stated while telling the event. Her new popularity status gave her the confidence boost to not let the rumors affect her and not bring her down. She discovered her identity, and embraced it. She then on went about her family. She grew up in a strict family home were her parents were not born in America, but from Poland like myself. She said that they were very strict with what she could and could not do. She had a strict curfew also, she was basically locked up and was not allowed to do things her friends could do. They were using an Authoritarian parenting style (Feldman, 2008). Their relationship with a child is where the parent’s word is law. Authoritarian parents do not engage in discussions with their teen and family rules and standards are not debated. But when she turned 18 they gave her more freedom, she was allowed to stay out later, go to parties, and do pretty much what her friends did. This type of parenting style is known as â€Å"Authoritative†, were the parents and somewhat strict, but let the adolescent have a sense of independence (Feldman, 2008). Authoritative parents engage in discussions and debates with their adolescent, although ultimate responsibility reside with the parent (Kroger, 2004). Research demonstrates that adolescents of authoritative parents learn how to negotiate and engage in discussions. They understand that their opinions are valued. As a result, they are more likely to be socially competent, responsible, and autonomous Authoritarian parents believe the adolescent should accept, without question, the rules and practices that they establish (Kroger, 2004). Research reveals that adolescents of authoritarian parents learn that following parental rules and listening to strict discipline is valued over independent behavior. As a result, adolescents may become rebellious or dependent. The adolescence which becomes rebellious might display aggressive behaviors. Adolescents who are more submissive tend to remain dependent on their parents (Kroger, 2004). She talked about her friends and how she didn’t have any problems with them. She stayed friends with the people that had the same interests as her and hadn’t changed her friends throughout high school. She was part of her own crowd that did not do any illegal or violent things to themselves or other people. She went on talking about how other kids were acting, doing drugs, and having sex, drinking alcohol, doing everything they can just to make them seem like their cool doing these â€Å"adult† things. Adolescence always wants to try to be like their peers . During adolescence, they are looking for ways to separate from their families and begin to define themselves as individuals. To define their individualism, they turn to friends for guidance and direction (Kroger, 2004). They tend to mimic their peer’s behaviors and take up the same attitudes. Conforming to social norms helps them redefine themselves while earning them acceptance and approval. For adolescence, fitting in to the crown makes them feels good and wanted by someone other than their parents (Kroger, 2004). The final topic which she brought up was her sexuality. She had only one boyfriend, the summer after her sophomore year up until the spring of junior year. She said that they were in love and both were happy with one another, but then school got in the way so they broke up. She went through depression and did end up hurting herself. She had her parents to help her through it. She told me that they will always have a special connection whenever their together because they â€Å"love† each other. She had a type of â€Å"bonding† on this boy. She also mentioned that she was also sexually active. She was part of the 80% of adolescence having sex before being 20 years old (Feldman, 2008). She made her way through Sternberg’s theory of love up to â€Å"passion†, but didn’t reach commitment due to the fact that they broke up. She hadn’t mentioned sexual orientation, but made a comment of experimenting at a party once. She also falls into the 10% of girls experimenting with the same sex (Feldman, 2008). From my interview, it showed that an average adolescent does interact with the problems learned in class. She had self-esteem issues, strict parents, being bullied and not fitting in with the popular crowd. From the outside, a stranger would think that there would have been nothing ever wrong with her, but talking about her made me think if I was the same way during high school. Makes me wonder did I go through the same problems. My interview helped me understand more about adolescence and how they go about their lives as adolescence.